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The genesis of international mass migration最新文献

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Remote departures: the Scottish Highlands 偏远的地方:苏格兰高地
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0013
E. Richards
{"title":"Remote departures: the Scottish Highlands","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The Scottish Highlands and Islands were furthest from London, remote from the trade routes and commerce of the nation, the last region to experience a battle of great military forces. The Highlands present a clear-cut case of emigration as extrusion, of a poor population propelled outwards by force majeure. The Highland story was punctuated by recurring and dramatic episodes of exodus by emigration, but most of the intermittent and sporadic outflow was within Scotland. Even in wartime, emigration from the Highlands continued, usually associated with landlord policies to rationalise their estates, as in the early Clearances in Sutherland in 1806-1807. Famine was a conclusive symptom of land hunger and low productivity, vulnerability and a misshapen community, in the 1840s emigration accelerated, urged on by landlord assistance, pressure and coercion, and the availability of philanthropic, landlord and colonial assisted passages.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132673200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Upland adjustments: west Wales and Swaledale and the sequences of migration 高地调整:西威尔士和斯瓦莱代尔以及迁徙序列
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0011
E. Richards
{"title":"Upland adjustments: west Wales and Swaledale and the sequences of migration","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Wales, in common with many locations in the British Isles, had a mixed career during the economic and demographic upheavals of the late eighteenth century. Rural west Wales was especially prominent in the emigration account; it also vividly manifested some of the classic conditions making for mobility. Increased mobility in rural Wales was marked also by particular episodes of emigration which entered the folk memory. The demographic and economic career of the upland Swaledale region in the North Yorkshire Pennines demonstrates with unusual clarity several typical sequences within the long-term decline of its rural population. The Swaledale economy remained dominated by agriculture, and productivity increases were impressive, especially in dairying. Swaledale was a classic case of rural change associated with migratory adjustments to demographic and economic pressures, and was a regional variant of the common experience in rural Britain.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121263820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cornwall, Kent and London 康沃尔，肯特和伦敦
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0012
E. Richards
{"title":"Cornwall, Kent and London","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Emigration from Cornwall outstripped all other counties in England and Wales in the late nineteenth century: it was at the top of the league table of per capita emigration. The international adjustment by the Cornish migrants was framed by the income differential which had decisively widened under the impact of the much more successful copper mining operations overseas. Cornish emigration showed that the effects of mining decline were written on top of the conventional processes of rural decline as the industrial economy of Britain expanded, sucking away much of the demographic revolution. Cornwall and Kent were two variants of the general responsiveness of rural England to the opportunities of emigration and the imperatives of population shifts. Kent was a more purely rural county, with little mining activity, but adjacent to London.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122681267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Islands of exit 出口岛
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0002
E. Richards
{"title":"Islands of exit","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the islands of Britain were largely unaffected by direct industrialisation before 1850: they were on the periphery of the great changes. The Isle of Man provides relatively straightforward conditions in which to examine the operations of migratory flows in a context which remained primarily rural, with some mining and fishing as secondary factors. The emigration records of the Isle of Man and Guernsey display great contrasts in their trajectories, though the final shape was rather similar. The Isle of Man was only marginally affected by the emigrations, though population pressure slowly diminished during the rest of the nineteenth century. Dramatic and sudden exoduses of several hundred people from the Isle of Man began in the mid-1820s. It was essentially a concentrated outflow of Manx people to Ohio, where the emigrants developed strong connections which were sustained for more than a century.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129739561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The North American theatre 北美剧院
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0006
E. Richards
{"title":"The North American theatre","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"North America was the earliest and the greatest theatre of oceanic emigration in which the methods of mass migration were pioneered. The European re-peopling of America stretched over four centuries from the earliest years of the seventeenth century but for the first 200 years it was dominated by emigrants from the British Isles. Emigration was fundamentally an expression of demographic conditions which had shifted decisively over the time span. The pursuit of a general view of the emigrational relationship between the two sides of the Atlantic is strewn with difficulties of interpretation. Indenture systems had been widespread in the recruitment of eighteenth-century emigrant. Indenturing through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was the primary vehicle of British and Rhineland emigration to North America. The ending of indenturing was essentially connected to the great change in the supply and demand circumstances underlying the evolving emigration systems.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131097531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The discontinuity 不连续的
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.7765/9781526131492.00010
E. Richards
{"title":"The discontinuity","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7765/9781526131492.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526131492.00010","url":null,"abstract":"The supply and demand of emigrants were evidently entangled and it is unlikely that the propaganda machine was the first cause of the new scale and urgency of mass emigration. The years 1768 to 1776 may have marked an earlier fundamental discontinuity in emigration but the evidence is ambiguous. There is ample remaining contention among the migration scholars, and the views of the historical geographer Ian Whyte are typical of modern scepticism about the notion of any fundamental discontinuity in the long narrative of mobility. Strong support for the discontinuity thesis comes from the quantitative historians T.J. Hatton and J.G. Williamson. The American scholar Raymond Cohn has provided emphatic reinforcement to the claim of ‘discontinuity’ in the later 1820s when, he declares, that ‘mass migration began’. He says there was a break in trend in Atlantic migration between 1827 and 1831.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114251438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The migration mystery 迁徙之谜
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0001
E. Richards
{"title":"The migration mystery","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Historians have resorted to a language of mystery and metaphor when they come to grapple with the great structural changes which underpin the array of contributory causes of migration. The British Isles was the prototype case of agrarian transformation associated with industrial growth and mass migration. Frank Thistlethwaite in the early 1960s re-shaped the subject by insisting on linking the two sides of the Atlantic into a connected explanation of the migratory turmoil. There were links along the chain of causation towards the migration of millions of the British people in their confusing permutations. Migration history comes in three main schematic forms: first the individual account, second the general narrative of migratory behaviour, and third the grand theories of migration. International emigration has depended on the basic facilities of migration. The British case was the prototype of modern rural-urban migration and has been replicated, with important variations, across the world.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123086648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
British emigration and the Malthus model 英国移民和马尔萨斯模式
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0016
E. Richards
{"title":"British emigration and the Malthus model","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526131485.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The life of Robert Malthus (1766-1834) spanned the decades in Britain of the rapid transition towards mass international migration. In 1826/7, in his famous explication before the Emigration Committee of Parliament, Malthus argued that the ineffectiveness of emigration as a permanent remedy was a consequence of the ‘vacuum effect’. He proposed a series of apparently inescapable tendencies regarding the causes and consequences of population growth, which were generally ‘dismal’. Malthus’ best-known propositions about emigration related to the utility or otherwise of emigration as a means of relieving the pressure of population on subsistence. There exists a debateable let-out clause for Malthus, located in his doctrine concerning the longer-run. There was less rigidity and less pessimism in Malthusian doctrine than is conventionally understood. The most favoured explanation of the demographic order relates to the escape from ‘the Malthusian trap’.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122407934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Upland adjustments 高地的调整
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.7765/9781526131492.00016
E. Richards
{"title":"Upland adjustments","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7765/9781526131492.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526131492.00016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"22 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123421548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Australasian case 澳大利亚的案例
The genesis of international mass migration Pub Date : 2018-08-02 DOI: 10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0010
E. Richards
{"title":"The Australasian case","authors":"E. Richards","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526131485.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The transition to mass emigration by the 1830s coincided with the extension of the British emigrant flows to their furthest extremity, the Antipodes. Australia became a new theatre of migration which reflected the new circumstances of expatriation. The Australian case was famously different from, and began more than a century later than, the great transatlantic migrations from the British Isles. The Australian immigration story was improbable from the start when, in 1788, it began as an extremely remote penitentiary for outcasts from British gaols. The eventual despatch of 160,000 convicts to the Australian colonies between 1788 and 1867 barely merited the name of an emigration system. Like the other Australasian colonies, New Zealand conducted its own assisted immigration policies: many of its immigrants indeed came via Australia, especially during the New Zealand gold rushes of the 1860.","PeriodicalId":280332,"journal":{"name":"The genesis of international mass migration","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124613708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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