European Journal of Sport Science最新文献

{"title":"Gene variants previously associated with reduced soft-tissue injury risk: Part 2 - Polygenic associations with elite status in Rugby.","authors":"Jon Brazier,&nbsp;Mark R Antrobus,&nbsp;Adam J Herbert,&nbsp;Peter C Callus,&nbsp;Praval Khanal,&nbsp;Georgina K Stebbings,&nbsp;Stephen H Day,&nbsp;Shane M Heffernan,&nbsp;Liam P Kilduff,&nbsp;Mark A Bennett,&nbsp;Robert M Erskine,&nbsp;Stuart M Raleigh,&nbsp;Malcolm Collins,&nbsp;Yannis P Pitsiladis,&nbsp;Alun G Williams","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2022.2155877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2155877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Part 1 of this genetic association series highlighted several genetic variants independently associated with elite status in rugby. However, it is highly likely that the genetic influence on elite status is polygenic due to the interaction of multiple genes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether polygenic profiles of elite rugby athletes differed from non-athletes utilising 13 genetic polymorphisms previously associated with tendon/ligament injury. Total genotype score (TGS) was calculated and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to calculate SNP-SNP epistasis interactions. Based on our elite rugby data from Part 1, mean TGS was significantly higher in elite rugby athletes (52.1 ± 10.7) than non-athletes (48.7 ± 10.8). There were more elite rugby athletes (54%) within the upper TGS quartile, and fewer (46%) within the lower quartile, compared to non-athletes (31% and 69%, respectively; <i>P </i>= 5·10^-5), and the TGS was able to distinguish between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (area under the curve = 0.59; 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.63; <i>P</i> = 9·10^-7). Furthermore, MDR identified a three-SNP model of <i>COL5A1</i> rs12722, <i>COL5A1</i> rs3196378 and <i>MIR608</i> rs4919510 that was best able to predict elite athlete status, with a greater frequency of the CC-CC-CC genotype combination in elite rugby athletes (9.8%) than non-athletes (5.3%). We propose that elite rugby athletes possess \"preferable\" musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury-associated polygenic profiles that have helped them achieve success in the high injury risk environment of rugby. These data may, in future, have implications for the individual management of musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury.<b>Highlights</b>Elite rugby athletes have preferable polygenic profiles to non-athletes in terms of genetic variants previously associated with musculoskeletal soft-tissue injury.The total genotype score was able to distinguish between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes.<i>COL5A1</i> rs12722, <i>COL5A1</i> rs3196378 and <i>MIR608</i> rs4919510 produced the best model for predicting elite athlete status.We propose that elite rugby athletes may have an inherited advantage to achieving elite status due to an increased resistance to soft-tissue injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9944971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of far-infrared radiation lamp therapy on recovery from muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise.","authors":"Trevor C Chen,&nbsp;Yuh-Chuan Huang,&nbsp;Tai-Ying Chou,&nbsp;Sheng-Tsung Hsu,&nbsp;Mei-Yen Chen,&nbsp;Kazunori Nosaka","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2023.2185163","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17461391.2023.2185163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study investigated the effects of a far-infrared radiation (FIR) lamp therapy on changes in muscle damage and proprioception markers after maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors (EF: Study 1) and the knee flexors (KF: Study 2) in comparison to a sham treatment condition. In each study, 24 healthy sedentary women were assigned to a FIR or a sham treatment group (<i>n</i> = 12/group). They performed 72 maximal EF eccentric contractions (Study 1) or 100 maximal KF eccentric contractions (Study 2) with their non-dominant limbs. They received a 30-min FIR (wavelength: 8-14 µm) or sham treatment at 1, 25, 49, 73 and 97 h post-exercise to the exercised muscles. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase activity, and proprioception assessed by position sense, joint reaction angle, and force match were measured before, and 0.5, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post-exercise. The outcome measures showed significant changes (<i>P</i> < 0.05) at 0.5-hour post-exercise (before treatment) similarly (<i>P</i> > 0.05) between the conditions in both studies. However, changes in all measures at 24-120 h post-exercise were smaller (<i>P</i> < 0.05) for the FIR than sham condition in both studies. For example, MVC torque returned to the baseline by 72 h post-exercise for the FIR condition in both studies, but was still 19 ± 6% (Study 1) or 17 ± 12% (Study 2) lower than the baseline at 120 h post-exercise for the sham condition. These results suggested that the FIR lamp therapy was effective for accelerating recovery from muscle damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9996503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish oil supplementation fails to modulate indices of muscle damage and muscle repair during acute recovery from eccentric exercise in trained young males.","authors":"Janna Mackay,&nbsp;Elena Bowles,&nbsp;Lewis J Macgregor,&nbsp;Konstantinos Prokopidis,&nbsp;Christina Campbell,&nbsp;Eloise Barber,&nbsp;Stuart D R Galloway,&nbsp;Oliver C Witard","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2023.2199282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2023.2199282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We aimed to investigate the influence of 4-wk of fish oil (FO) supplementation on markers of muscle damage, inflammation, muscle soreness, and muscle function during acute recovery from eccentric exercise in moderately trained males. Sixteen moderately-trained males ingested 5 g/d of FO (<i>n</i> = 8) or soybean oil (placebo) capsules (<i>n</i> = 8) for 4-wk prior to- and 3-d following an acute eccentric exercise bout. Eccentric exercise consisted of 12 sets of isokinetic knee extension and knee flexion. Indices of muscle damage, soreness, function and inflammation were measured at baseline and during exercise recovery. Eccentric exercise elicited an increase in muscle soreness (<i>p</i> < 0.010) and thigh volume (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and reduced peak isometric torque by 31.7 ± 6.9%, (<i>p</i> < 0.05, 95% CI 10.6-52.8) during 3-d of recovery. Blood omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration was 14.9 ± 2.4% higher in FO than PLA (<i>p</i> < 0.01, 95% CI 9.8-20.1). However, FO did not ameliorate the cumulative creatine kinase response (expressed as AUC; <i>p</i> = 0.368), inflammation (<i>p</i> = 0.400), muscle soreness (<i>p</i> > 0.140), or muscle function (<i>p</i> > 0.249) following eccentric exercise. FO supplementation confers no clear benefit in terms of ameliorating the degree of muscle damage, or facilitating the muscle repair process, during acute eccentric exercise recovery. These data suggest that FO supplementation does not provide an effective nutritional strategy to promote exercise recovery, at least in moderately-trained young men.<b>Abbreviations:</b> ANOVA: Analysis of variance; AUC: Area under curve; CI: Confidence interval; CK: Creatine kinase; CMJ: Countermovement jump; COX: Cyclooxygenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; DOMS: Delayed-onset muscle soreness; EIMD: Exercise-induced muscle damage; En%: Energy percent; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid; FO: Fish oil; IL-6: Interleukin-6; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; LOX: Lipoxygenase; Mb: Myoglobin; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin; PLA: Placebo; ROM: Range of motion; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SD: Standard deviation; SEM: Standard error of the mean; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor alpha; VAS: Visual analogue scale; Ω3-PUFA: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; Ω6-PUFA: Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids<b>Highlights</b>The anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alongside their propensity to incorporate into the muscle phospholipid membrane underpins the idea that fish oil supplementation may attenuate muscle damage and promote muscle repair following eccentric-based exercise.Four weeks of high-dose (5 g/d) fish oil supplementation prior to eccentric exercise failed to attenuate the rise in creatine kinase concentration and muscle soreness during acute exercise recovery in physically-active young men.Future studies are warranted to investigate the efficacy of combining omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with other nutrie","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9943551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can participative coach behaviour be perceived as controlling? The role of athletes' expectations.","authors":"Koen Van Meervelt,&nbsp;Stef Van Puyenbroeck,&nbsp;Gert Vande Broek","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2022.2118080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2118080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>ABSTRACT</b>Coach-rated participative behaviour has already been related to beneficial outcomes in athletes. Yet, research also indicates that allowing participation is not straightforward as it can sometimes be perceived as controlling or can even result in maladaptive outcomes. Building on implicit leadership theory, this study investigated the role of the alignment between coach-rated participation and athletes' expectations for participation in developing perceptions of domineering coach behaviour in athletes, a specific type of controlling coach behaviour. A secondary goal was to explore this relation in higher and lower level teams separately. Athletes' expectations for participative coach behaviour, coach-rated participative behaviour and athletes' perceptions of domineering coach behaviour were measured in 61 team sport coaches and 654 athletes competing in football, volleyball, basketball, and handball competitions. Using polynomial regression with response surface analysis and controlling for athletes' sport experience, overall, results showed that a discrepancy between coach-rated participation and athletes' expectations for participation was related with increased perceptions of domineering coach behaviour in athletes with more than 5 years of experience. However, in lower level teams, high amounts of participation seem optimal as only less coach-rated participation than expected predicted increased perceptions of domineering coach behaviour in athletes with more than 15 years of experience. This in contrast with higher level teams where, independent of athletes' experience, both more and less coach-rated participation than expected were related with increased perceptions of domineering coach behaviour in athletes. Current findings stress the need for a situation specific approach when offering participation to optimize its effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9996456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence that heat acclimation training may alter sleep and incidental activity.","authors":"John O Osborne,&nbsp;Geoffrey M Minett,&nbsp;Ian B Stewart,&nbsp;Stewart Trost,&nbsp;Christopher Drovandi,&nbsp;Joseph T Costello,&nbsp;Toby G Pavey,&nbsp;David N Borg","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2022.2124386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2124386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This randomized cross-over study tested the hypothesis that heat acclimation training would detrimentally affect sleep variables and alter incidental physical activity compared to a thermoneutral training control condition. Eight recreationally trained males (V̇O_2peak 49±4.9 mL^.kg^-1.min^-1) completed two separate interventions separated by at least 31 days: 5 consecutive day training blocks of moderate-intensity cycling (60 min·day^-1 at 50% peak power output) in a hot (34.9±0.7 °C and 53±4 % relative humidity) and a temperate (22.2±2.6 °C; 65±8 % relative humidity) environment. Wrist-mounted accelerometers were worn continuously for the length of the training blocks and recorded physical activity, sleep quality and quantity. Data were analysed in a Bayesian framework, with the results presented as the posterior probability that a coefficient was greater or less than zero. Compared to the temperate training environment, heat acclimation impaired sleep efficiency (Pr <i>β</i><0 = .979) and wake on sleep onset (Pr <i>β</i>>0 = .917). Daily sedentary time was, on average, 35 min longer (Pr <i>β</i>>0 = .973) and light physical activity time 18 min shorter (Pr <i>β</i>>0 = .960) during the heat acclimation period. No differences were observed between conditions in sleep duration, subjective sleep quality, or moderate or vigorous physical activity. These findings may suggest that athletes and coaches need to be cognisant that heat acclimation training may alter sleep quality and increase sedentary behaviour.<b>Highlights</b>Five consecutive days of heat training negatively affected some objective measures of sleep quality and incidental physical activity in recreationally trained athletes.Athletes and coaches need to be aware of the potential unintended consequences of using heat acclimation on sleep behaviours.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9939080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does biologically categorised training alter the perceived exertion and neuromuscular movement profile of academy soccer players compared to traditional age-group categorisation?","authors":"Jamie Salter,&nbsp;James Black,&nbsp;James Mallett,&nbsp;Steve Barrett,&nbsp;Christopher Towlson,&nbsp;Jonathan D Hughes,&nbsp;Mark De St Croix","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2022.2117090","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17461391.2022.2117090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The individual response to load is multifactorial and complicated by transient temporal changes in biological maturation. The period surrounding peak height velocity exposes potentially \"fragile\" individuals to systematic, age-related increases in training loads. Bio-banding allows practitioners to manage the biological diversity and align training to the individual development needs . This study explores the acute impact of maturation on neuromuscular performance and perceived intensity through comparing both chronological and bio-banded training sessions. 55 male soccer players (mean ± SD; age 13.8 ± 1.4 years) were recruited from an EPPP academy. Following a warm-up and standardised sub-maximal run (30-15^IFT), players competed in five bouts of 5-min 6v6 small-sided games (SSGs) before repeating the standardised sub-maximal run. The sessions were repeated on three occasions with chronological SSGs and the same with bio-banded SSGs wearing foot-mounted inertial measurement units (PlayerMaker^TM) with differential ratings of perceived exertion used to quantify internal loads. Mixed linear modelling indicated maturity-specific pre-post differences in neuromuscular response, stride length and cadence having contrasting responses pre- (reduced) and post-PHV (increased), and larger changes in post sessions stiffness for pre- (∼18.6 kN·m^-1) and circa-PHV (∼12.1 kN·m^-¹) players. Secondly, there were small to large differences in neuromuscular response (RSI, stride length, stiffness, and contact time) and perceptions of intensity between conditions, with bio-banding generally reducing pre-post changes. Bio-banding may therefore offer a mechanism to prescribe maturity-specific training loads which may help to alleviate the impact of repeated exposure to high-intensity activity, thus reducing injury risk whilst promoting long-term player development.<b>Highlights</b> Utilising a sub-maximal running protocol (30-15^IFT) with foot mounted accelerometers can detect maturity specific responses to football specific training activity, which aligns with subjective perceptions of intensity.Chronologically derived small-sided games elicit different acute responses between players of varying maturity status, which is somewhat negated when bio-banded small-sided games are used instead.Bio-banding training sessions may offer practitioners a practical way of managing maturity-specific trainings load to reduce injury risk and promote long-term players development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9996034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential relevance of a motor skill \"proficiency barrier\" on health-related fitness in youth.","authors":"T Cade Abrams,&nbsp;Bryan M Terlizzi,&nbsp;An De Meester,&nbsp;Ryan S Sacko,&nbsp;J Megan Irwin,&nbsp;Carlos Luz,&nbsp;Luís Paulo Rodrigues,&nbsp;Rita Cordovil,&nbsp;Vítor P Lopes,&nbsp;Kirsten Schneider,&nbsp;David F Stodden","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2022.2153300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2153300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the potential impact of a motor skill proficiency barrier on measures of cardiorespiratory (CRF) and musculoskeletal (MSF) fitness in youth. A sample of 241 youth (114 girls) aged 10 - 18 years, completed the Motor Competence Assessment battery with composite scores indexed according to age- and gender-adjusted percentile scores. Motor competence (MC) levels were categorized as low (≤ 25^%tile - proficiency barrier), moderate (≥ 26^%tile to < 75^%tile), and high (≥ 75^%tile). CRF levels (Health Risk, Needs Improvement, and Healthy) were assessed using the Fitnessgram® 20 m PACER test. Low (≤ 20^%tile), moderate (≥ 21^%tile to ≤ 80^%tile), and high (≥ 80^%tile) MSF levels were assessed using grip strength normative data. Two 3 × 3 chi-square tests were conducted to determine the probability of MC level predicting CRF and MSF levels. Results demonstrated statistically significant models for performance on both the PACER (χ²[4, <i>N </i>= 241] = 22.65, <i>p</i> < .001) and grip strength (χ²[4, <i>N </i>= 241] = 23.95, <i>p</i> < .001). Strong evidence of a proficiency barrier impacting CRF was noted, as no low skilled youth met the \"Healthy\" fitness zone standards for PACER performance. Evidence supporting a barrier with grip strength was not as strong, as 20.8% of youth exhibiting low MC displayed high grip strength. However, all individuals with high levels of MC demonstrated at least moderate grip strength. Results emphasize the importance of developing MC during childhood as it may provide a protective effect against unhealthy CRF and MSF across youth.<b>Highlights</b>These data support the notion of Seefeldt's (1980) proficiency barrier as it relates to CRF, as no youth demonstrating low MC met the healthy fitness zone criteria for PACER performance. The development of MC may both directly and indirectly provide a protective effect against unhealthy CRF levels across childhood and adolescence.Evidence supporting a proficiency barrier with MSF as measured by grip strength was not as strong; however, all individuals with high levels of MC demonstrated at least moderate grip strength. Thus, the development of MC may be a protective factor to mitigate low levels of MSF via enhanced neuromuscular function.Promoting the development of MC in a variety of developmentally appropriate activities and settings (e.g. MC skills practice, structured and unstructured play, and performance contexts) is important to promote positive trajectories of CRF and MSF across childhood and adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10298800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent validity of the CORE wearable sensor with BodyCap temperature pill to assess core body temperature during an elite women's field hockey heat training camp.","authors":"Paul S R Goods,&nbsp;Peta Maloney,&nbsp;Joanna Miller,&nbsp;Denise Jennings,&nbsp;Jack Fahey-Gilmour,&nbsp;Peter Peeling,&nbsp;Brook Galna","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2023.2193953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2023.2193953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable temperature sensors offer the potential to overcome several limitations associated with current laboratory- and field-based methods for core temperature assessment; however, their ability to provide accurate data at elevated core temperatures (Tc) has been questioned. Therefore, this investigation aimed to determine the concurrent validity of a wearable temperature sensor (CORE) compared to a reference telemetric temperature pill (BodyCAP) during a team-sport heat training camp prior to the 2020 Olympic Games. Female field hockey players (n = 19) in the Australian national squad completed 4 sessions in hot conditions where their temperature was monitored via CORE and BodyCAP. Concurrent validity of the wearable CORE device was determined with reference to the ingested BodyCAP pill. Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficients determined there was \"poor\" agreement between devices during all sessions. Mean bias demonstrated that CORE underestimated Tc in all sessions (-0.06°C to -0.34°C), with wide mean 95% confidence intervals (±0.35°C to ±0.56°C). Locally estimated scatterplot smoothing regression lines illustrated a non-linearity of error, with greater underestimation of Tc by the CORE device, as Tc increased. The two devices disagreed more than ±0.3°C for 41-60% of all data samples in each session. Our findings do not support the use of the CORE device as a valid alternative to telemetric temperature pills for Tc assessment, particularly during exercise in hot conditions where elevated Tc are expected.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10299298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pacing and packing behaviour in elite and world record performances at Berlin marathon.","authors":"Iker Muñoz-Pérez,&nbsp;Carlos Lago-Fuentes,&nbsp;Marcos Mecías-Calvo,&nbsp;Arturo Casado","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2022.2111278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2111278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Highlights</b>Prior to participation in meet marathon races such as Berlin marathon, elite runners should select the group that they will join during the race according to their current performance level as a preassigned pace set by a pacemaker will be adopted.Athletes could follow an even rather than positive pacing behaviour which will allow them to achieve a more optimal performance.Female runners should consider being paced by a male runner of greater performance level as runners of both sexes are allowed to run the race altogether during this type of races.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10316957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superimposing neuromuscular electrical stimulation onto voluntary contractions to improve muscle strength and mass: A systematic review.","authors":"Riccardo Borzuola,&nbsp;Luca Laudani,&nbsp;Luciana Labanca,&nbsp;Andrea Macaluso","doi":"10.1080/17461391.2022.2104656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2104656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Training and rehabilitation programmes involving neuromuscular electrical stimulation superimposed onto voluntary contractions (NMES+) have gained popularity in the last decades. Yet, there is no clear consensus on the effectiveness of such intervention. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to NMES+ on muscle strength and mass compared to conventional volitional training or passive electrical stimulation alone. Two authors conducted an electronic search to identify randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of NMES+ training, involved healthy participants or orthopaedic patients, detailed a well-defined NMES training protocol, and provided outcomes related to muscle strength and/or mass. The authors extracted data on participants, intervention characteristics, muscle-related outcomes, and assessed the methodological quality of the studies. A total of twenty-four studies were included in the review. The majority of these reported an increase in muscle strength following NMES+ training compared to an equivalent voluntary or passive NMES training. The highest improvements were found when NMES was superimposed on sub-maximal exercises involving both concentric and eccentric contractions. Two studies reported an increase in muscle mass after NMES+, while two other studies exhibited no differences. This review indicated that chronic exposure to NMES+ determines muscle strength improvements greater or equal compared to volitional training alone. However, differences in the methodological characteristics of the stimulation and the type of exercise associated with NMES+ revealed significant discrepancies in the results. A deeper understanding of the neurophysiological adaptations to NMES+ is crucial to fully explain the muscle-related enhancement resulting from such intervention.<b>Highlights</b>NMES+ consists of simultaneously applying neuromuscular electrical stimulation while voluntarily contracting the stimulated muscle.Although a growing number of studies have suggested that intervention based on NMES+ have a strong potential in enhancing as well as preserving muscle function, there is still no clear consensus on the effectiveness of such technique.This review revealed that training based on NMES+ can induce a significant improvement of muscle strength in both healthy and orthopaedic individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12061,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Sport Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9944953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}