Pax et Bellum最新文献

Effect of progovernmental pre-electoral violence upon electoral outcome 亲政府选举前暴力对选举结果的影响

Pax et Bellum Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.33063/pbj.v10i1.152

R. Andersson

{"title":"Effect of progovernmental pre-electoral violence upon electoral outcome","authors":"R. Andersson","doi":"10.33063/pbj.v10i1.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v10i1.152","url":null,"abstract":"Electoral violence can have dire consequences for a society, but remains a strategy employed by incumbents to secure electoral victory. This paper explores if electoral violence instigated by progovernment side actually does increase the incumbent’s probability of electoral victory. The novelty of the question derives from taking into account a differentiation between the instigating side as progovernment or anti-government, which previous studies have not done. The argument is that as the opposition is likely to have other motives and resources available than the incumbent, anti-government violence should target other spectrums of the population and thus have a different effect on the electoral outcome than progovernment violence. \u0000The findings give consistent statistical significance to a positive relationship between progovernment instigated violence and probability of incumbent electoral victory when controlling for electoral fraud and anti-government violence. This supports the hypothesis and suggests that incumbents do benefit, at least in the short term, from applying electoral violence. However, long-term backlash may still occur and the consequences for the society are dire. The relationship between anti-government violence and electoral outcome did not achieve statistical significance. Further research are needed to improve the nuance of the findings in this paper and better understand electoral violence from different actors’ perspectives.","PeriodicalId":300494,"journal":{"name":"Pax et Bellum","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126241410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Alternative Truths as Reconciliatory Mechanisms in Post-Conflict Societies 作为冲突后社会和解机制的另类真相

Pax et Bellum Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.33063/pbj.v10i1.164

Otilia Rehnstrom

{"title":"Alternative Truths as Reconciliatory Mechanisms in Post-Conflict Societies","authors":"Otilia Rehnstrom","doi":"10.33063/pbj.v10i1.164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v10i1.164","url":null,"abstract":"Truth and reconciliation commissions (TCRs) make use of truth-seeking and truth-telling as reconciliatory mechanisms in the aftermaths of intrastate and intra-ethnic conflicts. TCRs are the subject of scrutiny by many scholars who argue that these mechanisms are incompatible with some local needs, norms and contexts, and therefore suggest that other reconciliatory methods may be more successful. This essay argues that truth-seeking and truth-telling mechanisms can be successfully used for reconciliation efforts if they are reimagined. This is because any incompatibility between these mechanisms and the realities of some local contexts are rooted in the narrow understandings of what truth(s) are relevant for reconciliation, stemming from the fact that they were founded within ‘regimes of truth’ that reflect Western liberal normative ideals. Two TCRs will be examined through engagement with survivor and victim testimony: the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, deemed largely successful, and the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor, deemed largely unsuccessful. It will be illustrated that the understandings of truth that informed both TCRs reflected the local norms and needs of survivors and victims in South Africa than it did those in Timor-Leste. Ultimately, the essay finds that truth-seeking and truth-telling mechanisms need to better align with: one, local practices for reconciliation and addressing conflicts; and two, the needs of the victims in regard to what truths, or what information, they need for healing and reconciliation.","PeriodicalId":300494,"journal":{"name":"Pax et Bellum","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122089525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decline in success of nonviolent conflicts 非暴力冲突的成功率下降

Pax et Bellum Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.33063/pbj.v10i1.140

Jonas Holmberg

引用次数: 0

When Bereavement Makes Enemies Human 当丧亲之痛让敌人变成人类

Pax et Bellum Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.33063/pbj.v10i1.168

Lucas Tamayo Ruiz

{"title":"When Bereavement Makes Enemies Human","authors":"Lucas Tamayo Ruiz","doi":"10.33063/pbj.v10i1.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v10i1.168","url":null,"abstract":"Across the world, one common feature that unites societies suffering under violent conflict is the experience of trauma. Most commonly, this trauma is understood as a paralyzing force that inhibits its victims of thinking clearly and rationally, creating the need for others, mostly political elites representing these constituencies, to speak out in their place. By appropriating their constituencies’ trauma, then, political elites are enabled to instrumentalize it to legitimize their political goals, such as the perpetuation of the violent conflict itself. In this paper, however, I argue that trauma can also be a powerful source of agency for the traumatized, with the potential to transform them into agents with the capacity to create frameworks for peace. In examining the case of the Parents Circle/Families Forum (PC/FF), I show how the experience of trauma through the conflict enables the victims of trauma to understand the irrationality of the armed conflict, countering the political elite’s narrative and prompting them to promote a peaceful solution to the war. Furthermore, their efforts can be a powerful source of reconciliation by engaging across conflict lines, thus promoting both sympathy for and empathy with the supposed enemy.","PeriodicalId":300494,"journal":{"name":"Pax et Bellum","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126103995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

De-radicalising the women of Boko-Haram 去激进化博科圣地的女性

Pax et Bellum Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.33063/pbj.v10i1.167

Timothy J. Lyon

{"title":"De-radicalising the women of Boko-Haram","authors":"Timothy J. Lyon","doi":"10.33063/pbj.v10i1.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v10i1.167","url":null,"abstract":"State military methods as part of counterterrorism have repeatedly shown that they are inherently flawed and continue to incite further violent extremism. Terrorist organisations are created and flourish in areas and communities that are severely socio-economically deprived and alienated from a state government. Global actors must look at reasons behind radicalisation in communities and establish general frameworks for de-radicalisation as part of peaceful counterterrorism. To improve contemporary counterterrorism, it is crucial to investigate what roles gender play in radicalisation and de-radicalisation since contemporary terrorist organisations employ men and women to carry out acts of extreme violence. Boko Haram is emblematic to contemporary terrorism and the organisation’s methods and successes suggest how contemporary counterterrorism should look like to create successful frameworks of de-radicalisation. \u0000This paper investigates three Nigerian de-radicalisation programmes and shows that their view of gender should be neutral to improve their methods and results. The basis of analysis in this thesis is how structural views of women in Nigeria affect de-radicalisation programmes. Furthermore, this paper argues that the programmes’ theoretical approaches to de-radicalisation are mainly based on countering individual recidivism, without widely de-radicalising communities. By highlighting deeply rooted patriarchal structures in Nigeria, this paper suggests that the Nigerian Government has partly failed in its struggle with Boko Haram due to its refusal to view female Boko Haram members as perpetrators of violent extremism. Finally, this paper shows that gender-neutrality and governmental recognition of women as important figures in Boko Haram and as practitioners in de-radicalisation programmes are essential to improving contemporary counterterrorism measures.","PeriodicalId":300494,"journal":{"name":"Pax et Bellum","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123029303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Intersectional Identities and Land Dispossession 交叉身份和土地剥夺

Pax et Bellum Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.33063/pbj.v10i1.166

Sunniva Tveitnes Homme

{"title":"Intersectional Identities and Land Dispossession","authors":"Sunniva Tveitnes Homme","doi":"10.33063/pbj.v10i1.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v10i1.166","url":null,"abstract":" Land grabbing has long been present in Southeast Asia, but with the spike in commodity prices in 2008, land grabbing intensified. The procedure is highly problematic as it often occurs at the expense of peasant farmers, land stewardship, food sovereignty, and human rights. So far, the literature has paid insufficient attention to the vulnerability of indigenous women and their intersectional vulnerability of gender and ethnicity when facing land dispossession. Such neglect poses far-reaching analytical limitations and questionable political implications. It is essential to bridge the gap between land-grabbing studies and the gendered implications of land dispossession on indigenous women to generate more nuanced analyses of the issue. Through a qualitative in-depth comparative analysis of the general implications of land dispossession on indigenous women in Southeast Asia and two case studies of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the Philippines and Kalimantan in Indonesia, the paper tries to answer how does the gendered politics of land dispossession affect indigenous women? It finds that indigenous women have higher physical and economic vulnerabilities due to land dispossession than non-indigenous women. These vulnerabilities are further heightened due to the lack of representation in decision-making. However, how these vulnerabilities play out highly depends on national and local factors.","PeriodicalId":300494,"journal":{"name":"Pax et Bellum","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115800969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0