M. G. Chacur, A. Arikawa, E. Oba, C. D. Souza, LuisRoberto Gabriel Filho
{"title":"Influence of Testosterone on Body and Testicular Development in Zebu Cattle in the Tropical Climate","authors":"M. G. Chacur, A. Arikawa, E. Oba, C. D. Souza, LuisRoberto Gabriel Filho","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76706","url":null,"abstract":"The Brahman cattle is mainly used for breeding and the meat industry. The present chapter had the objective of evaluating the physical and testicular development, and the serum testosterone level of 8–18 months old male Brahman cattle on grazing weight gain - ing performance tests. In Bos indicus , puberty usually occurs between the ages of 16 and 18 months. Variables such age, weight, and scrotal circumference were equally important in the estimation of sexual maturity in male Bos indicus. An increase in serum testosterone level occurred between 12 and 14 months of age, followed by testicular and body growth. An elevation in testosterone levels is an indicator that an acceleration in physical and tes ticular growth is approaching. The variables body weight and scrotal circumference which are important in the estimation of sexual maturity are dependent on testosterone levels in zebu cattle according to literature. It is recommended to calculate body mass index and tes - ticular volume to follow male growth due to the high correlation between these variables.","PeriodicalId":178043,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Testosterone Action","volume":"243 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115603003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Supplementation to Improve Ovarian Response and IVF Outcomes on Women with Poor Ovarian Response","authors":"J. F. Macedo, M. Oliveira, O. Martins","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79320","url":null,"abstract":"There is still no clear consensus on the poor responder (PR) definition, however, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) suggested, in 2011, the Bologna criteria, which includes, for a poor ovarian response definition, at least two of the following three characteristics: age > 40 years, the number of oocytes previously recovered equal to or less than three, and low ovarian reserve tests score. It is noticed that, despite the use of different effective ovulation stimulation protocols, clinical pregnancy rates remain low in PR. In recent years, however, many authors, including Casson et al., reported the beneficial of DHEA supplementation on ovarian response in this group. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a precursor of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T), orig- inates from the reticularis adrenal zone and from ovarian theca cell. In this chapter, we intend to demonstrate the potential benefits of DHEA supplementation in women with poor response in IVF outcomes.","PeriodicalId":178043,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Testosterone Action","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122565172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Morphological Bases of Human Leydig Cell Dysfunction","authors":"M. Miguel, P. Gónzalez‐Peramato, M. Nistal","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79201","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we describe the histophysiology of human Leydig cells, their cytologi- cal characteristics, their differentiation processes, and the physiopathological processes occurring at various times throughout life. We first focus on the normal development of fetal Leydig cells as well as the pathologies of fetal Leydig cells that can affect num bers or hyperplasic processes (e.g., hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, congenital Leydig cell hyperplasia secondary to diabetes, and isoimmunization). Next, we explain the changes occurring at puberty with the onset and differentiation of adult Leydig cells and the pathophysiology of delayed puberty. We then describe the histophysiology of adult Leydig cells and the most frequent pathologies (e.g., hypogo- nadotropic hypogonadism, testicular dysgenesia, mild androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5-α-reductase defect, and Klinefelter syndrome). Finally, we discuss the morphological changes of these cells in the elderly.","PeriodicalId":178043,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Testosterone Action","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116170911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Biological Role of Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Progression","authors":"Ken-ichi Takayama","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76360","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men all over the world. Localized cancers in the early stages can be well managed by surgical or radiation therapy. Metastatic prostate cancer is treated with androgen deprivation therapy because androgen signaling is essential to the prostate tumor growth and anti-apoptotic ability. However, resistance develops quickly in the clinical course and leads to castration-resis- tant prostate cancer (CRPC). Androgen receptor (AR) functions as a nuclear receptor to facilitate ligand-dependent transcriptional activation in the nucleus. AR interacts with several tissue-specific transcription factors such as forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) and regulates epigenetic status by recruiting epigenetic factors. In addition, AR transcriptional activity is modulated by interacting directly or indirectly with non-coding RNAs such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and micro RNAs (miRNAs). Notably, enhanced AR signaling in CRPC has been documented in several studies; however, which of these factors are important for the biological function it remains poorly understood. Here, I review our current knowledge of the mechanistic roles of AR involved in prostate cancer progression and discuss the importance of the prostate cancer-associated signals.","PeriodicalId":178043,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Testosterone Action","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128197604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}