Kader最新文献

{"title":"The Problem of Authenticity of Constitutive Root Text al-Fıqh al-Akbar and the Contribution of Ottoman Intellectuals I","authors":"Mustafa Öztürk","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.1074905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1074905","url":null,"abstract":"The foundations of almost all Islamic sciences were laid in the first and second centuries of hijra. With the expansion of the Islamic world since the first century of hijra, the existence of a collective effort to transfer oral information into writing is notable. With the invitation of the prophet Muḥammad to Islam, an unprecedented increase in the culture of writing has been observed. Since the emergence of Islam, the world history scene has witnessed feverish writing activity. Especially in the 2th/8th century, when the transition from oral culture to written culture accelerated, the founding texts of the science of language and religion, which were the carriers of these sciences related to aqāid-kalām, fiqh and uṣūl al-fiqh, tasawwuf, tafsir, and hadith, were compiled. Thanks to the founding texts containing the basic principles, the sciences have had the opportunity to develop by deepening. In this study, the contribution of Fiqh al-akbar, the founding text of the science of creed, to the science of kalam, which has made significant progress, will be discussed. In order for a text to be considered a founding and root, there must be a system that it establishes as the fruit of the tree. In this sense, Fiqh al-akbar established a moderate and defensible belief system. There is an organic link between the most concise faith texts and the most voluminous kalām books. While the creed texts, which consist of writing the goals at the end of the road, are the counting of the principles of faith, the texts of the kalām represent the walking of the road that leads to the goal of faith. Fiqh al-akbar, which marks the end of the road by finishing the roads to be walked, is the first and most important of the milestones of Islamic thought. In this study, the contribution of Fiqh al-akbar, the founding text of the science of aqāid, to the science of kalām will be discussed in the context of its belonging to its author. This text gave direction to Ahl al-Sunna theology, which would be written in the later stages of Islamic thought. In this study, the internal and external contexts of the founding text mentioned will be confirmed in terms of its relative acumen to Abū Ḥanīfa. In addition, the reason for the increase in the commentaries (Sharḥ) of Fiqh al-akbar during the Ottoman period will be shown. As a matter of fact, each annotation strengthens that it belongs to the author. In the annotations, there is no sentence stating that the text does not belong to Abū Ḥanīfa, on the contrary, the authenticity of the belonging is emphasized. Of course, not all the annotations of the relevant text will be included here, but mostly printed works will be emphasized. Theology, prophecy and the hereafter are discussed in Fiqh al-akbar. Here, how theological debates and problems related to the history of theological concepts are handled in the commentaries will be shown. In this article, within the framework of the method discussed as an example, a preparation will be","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72847529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Split-Brain Cases as an Argument Against the Soul Theory","authors":"A. Yilmaz","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.1093835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1093835","url":null,"abstract":"Ruhçu anlayışın temel problemlerinden biri, hiçbir maddi özelliğe sahip olmayan ruhun nasıl olup da maddi bir bedeni etkilediğidir. Zira gayri-maddi bir varlığın nasıl maddeyle etkileşime geçtiğini anlamak güçtür. Bilhassa beynin çalışma tarzına ve psikolojimizi nasıl etkilediğine dair bilimsel anlayışımız arttıkça, zihin için bir ruha gereksinim olup olmadığı sorusu da kendisini daha güçlü bir biçimde gösterir. Bu bağlamda beyin ve zihin arasındaki sıkı bağa dair güncel veriler, ruh anlayışına karşı bir itiraz olarak çokça dillendirilir. Yakın zamanda ruh anlayışına karşı ağır bir darbe vurduğu öne sürülen güncel verilerden biri de ayrık-beyin vakası oldu. Ayrık-beyin vakası, beyin yarıküreleri cerrahi bir müdahaleyle birbirinden ayrılan hastaların durumuna verilen isimdir. Bu vakanın düalizme karşı kullanılan diğer vakalardan farkı ise bilincin bütünlüğünün de beyne bağlı olduğuna işaret etmesiydi. Zira daha önce, zihinsel pek çok işlevle beyin arasında bağ kurulmuşsa da bilincin bütünlüğü arasında kurulmamıştı. Hatta aksine, beynin çok parçalı bir yapı olması sebebiyle bilinç bütünlüğünü sağlayamayacağı, bu nedenle de bölünemeyen bir ruhun gerekli olduğu şeklinde argümanlar ruhun varlığı lehine kullanılıyordu. Oysa ayrık-beyin vakasında, beyin yarıküreleri birbirinden ayrılan hastalar, farklı iki kişi gibi düşünebiliyor ve hareket edebiliyordu. Bu ise binlerce yıldır bireyin ve ruhun bölünemez olduğunu savunan ruhçu teorinin aksine bir durum olarak yorumlanmaktadır. Elinizdeki çalışma da ayrık-beyin vakasının gerçekten de düalizme karşı güçlü bir argüman sunup sunmadığını ele almaktadır. Burada öncelikle, ayrık-beyin vakasına ilişkin daha detaylı bilgiler verilecektir. Ardından bu vakayı düalizme karşı kullananların argümanları ve meselenin niçin ruhçu teori açısında problemli göründüğü meselesi ele alınacaktır. Sonrasında ise düalistlerin bu problem karşısındaki tavırlarını ve sundukları bazı çözüm önerilerini değerlendirilecektir. Düalistlerin bu noktada izledikleri üç farklı stratejiden bahsedilebilir. Bunlardan birincisi, ayrık-beyin vakası sonucunda bilincin bölündüğü fikrini ikincisi ise ruhun bölünemez olduğu fikrini reddeder, üçüncü yol ise her ikisini birden kabul etmekle birlikte bunların çelişmediğini, zira tek bir ruhun bölünmüş bilince sahip olacağını savunur. Burada her üç görüşün de avantajlarını ve dezavantajlarını gördükten sonra, bu çözüm önerilerinin ayrık-beyin meselesine iyi bir açıklama sunup sunmadıklarını değerlendireceğim. Benim iddiam, ayrık-beyin vakası sonucunda birden fazla bilinç akışının ortaya çıktığı kabul edildiği takdirde dahi bunun düalizm için bitirici bir darbe olarak görülemeyeceğidir. Buna rağmen söz konusu vaka, düalizme karşı güçlü bir argüman olarak kabul edilebilir. Zira bir karşı argümanın güçlü olması için karşı çıktığı şeyin yanlışlığını kesin bir şekilde göstermesi gerekmez. Onun doğru olma ihtimalinin zayıflığını göstermesi bile yeterlidir. Bu açıdan ayrık-beyin vakası, düalizmin doğru olma olas","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82917267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Language in Qâdî ‘Abd al- Jabbâr’s Thought","authors":"Mesut Erzi̇","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.1065833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1065833","url":null,"abstract":"The thought system of Qâdî ‘Abd al-Jabbâr, who is a productive intellectual worker in the Mu‘tazilî school, is established on the contingency (imkân) of obligation (taklîf) of the God upon people. In other words he has a universe and order of thought which is built around the term obligation. Therefore, the content of Qâdî’s aforementioned thought which has a very significant place in Mu‘tazilî thought is constituted of responsbilities of human beings. These responsibilities of the human beings are gathered under the title of rational ones (aqliyyât) in terms of being held responsible by reason and the title sem‘iyyât which covers the things that fall under the category of responsibilities that can be only known by revelation (wahy) due to the imposibility of being assigned by the sole reason. In short, aqliyyât corrresponds to the rational field of obligation whereas se‘miyyât corresponds to the legal (shar’i) field of responsibility. The responsibilites under the title aqliyyât are such as tawhîd, justice, and other non-primary premises that serve as instruments for comrehending these two terms. The content of sem‘iyyât, on the other hand, is constituted of the issues that fall outside of the rational obligation (taklîf al-aqlî) and can only be known by means of sam‘ (revelation) such as the knowledge that adultry leads to moral corruption or the knowledge of juristic worships. We can observe that Qâdî ‘Abd al-Jabbâr, did make use of three different kinds of proofs in order to prove, found, and justify the aforementioned issues which lay the foundations for his thought. These are rational (aqlî), revelational (sam‘î) and linguistic (lugawi) proofs, respectively. For each of these kinds of proofs there is an idiosyncratic domain of coverage on which that kind of proof is considered as the unique authority. This research aims to elaborate the domain the only authority of which is the linguistic proofs and also aims to render it comprehensive. So to speak, the motivating factor of this research is to clarify the question of to what extent the language plays a role in Qâdî’s thought and its domain of influence in the simplest way.","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83508159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Miracles of Saints (Karāmāt) and Its Natures According to Ibn Ḥazm","authors":"H. Bulut","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.1063893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1063893","url":null,"abstract":"Muslims accept the existence of prophets and the occurrence of miracles as a basis of faith. The issue whether miracles will emerge from the righteous or saints is debatable. All Islamic scholars have accepted the existence of spiritual miracles, such as the grace of Allah to his saintly servants in the form of glad tidings, peace of heart and perseverance in faith. However, the existence of sensible (ḥissī) miracles or extraordinary situations that a person would never be able to do under normal circumstances such as resurrecting the dead, changing the nature of objects, talking with inanimate beings and animals, knowing the events of the unseen, reaching long distances in a short time, walking on water or in the air, etc. has been the subject of serious debate. Most notably Mutazilites as well as some Sunni scholars also rejected saintly miracles and they argued that such events could only occur for prophets -with Allah’s permission and creation- and that they were called miracles. They are also concerned that if the extraordinary acts of saints are accepted, the institution of prophecy and therefore the proof of the miracle may be harmed. One of those who accepted this view is the famous Ẓāhirī scholar Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064), who grew up in Andalusia. He claimed that marvelous events would occur only on the hands of the prophets, and he argued that it cannot be possible for a rightful person, saints or wizard to do extraordinary acts. However, he considered the marvelous events attributed to some people -who were not known to be prophets in the Qur’an and hadiths- as the miracles of the prophet who lived in the period in question. Ibn Ḥazm, who accepted that extraordinary events occurred from some of the ṣaḥāba (Prophet’s companions) during the Prophet’s lifetime, claimed that it ended with the death of the Prophet. According to him, those who claim that such events took place after the Prophet Muhammad, are liars, dishonest and deceitful people. In this article, the nature and limits of miracles according to Ibn Ḥazm are discussed, and the role he assigned to miracles despite being a scholar of the ahl al-ḥadīth is evaluated.","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72968063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abū Ḥanīfa's View of Equality in Faith and its Reflection on Social Life","authors":"Murat Akın","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.1084663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1084663","url":null,"abstract":"Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 150/767) discussed the main issues of the science of kalām in the first period and expressed his best views on these issues in response to the sects that he accepted as bid'ah (innovation). Later, kalām scholars tried to justify these views by using different arguments according to the changing conditions and time. Undoubtedly, one of the most important opinions that Abū Ḥanīfa expressed and passed on to the next generations from the perspective of the science of kalām is those related to faith. In fact, faith is the strongest and most deep-rooted bond a believer establishes with his/her Creator. The individual shapes his world and the hereafter through this bond. On the other hand, faith is a phenomenon that does not contain doubt but carries certainty. In this respect, a person is included in the same category as a believer after she has firmly believed, and is called a believer or a Muslim, as the Qur'an puts it. Because no matter what race or color he is, he takes the same name because he believes in the same principles. Abū Ḥanīfa, who lived in a time when Muslims differed among themselves and differences of opinion increased, accepted faith as a common denominator by emphasizing the common values of Islam. Abū Ḥanīfa refers to this as \"equality in faith\". The issue of equality in faith, which is discussed as a result of the differentiation in matters related to the nature of faith, is shaped according to whether the action is counted as part of faith or not. Since Abū Ḥanīfa did not consider deeds a part of faith, so he advocated equality in faith. This view was adopted later by many scholars in the Māturīdī tradition. In the Hanafī-Māturīdī tradition, it can be said that the issue of equality in faith as well as issues such as confirmation and certainty in faith were shaped by the opinions of Abū Ḥanīfa. When equality in faith is accepted, one is not allowed to question the faith of another and say that his/her own faith is superior to the other because only God can know it. On the other hand, the understanding of equality in faith prevents external appearance and formalism from being decisive in one's religious life. Thus, a believer cannot accuse his brother who has deficiencies in his deeds but has faith of being infidel. When Abū Ḥanīfa's view of equality in faith is interpreted according to contemporary paradigms, his emphasis on human love, tolerance, and unity of the ummah, which has validity today, can clearly be observed. Therefore, it is seen that the reflection of a theological issue on social life is stressed in his opinion. This paper aims to study the issue of \"equality in faith\", one of the issues related to faith, and its reflection on social life by using the texts which are attributed to Abū Ḥanīfa.","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89339831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science and Philosophy in The Classical Period of Kalām: An Analysis centered upon The Daqīq and Laṭīf Matters of Kalām","authors":"Mehmet Bulğen","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.1017086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1017086","url":null,"abstract":",","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73557694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"İsmâilîlik’te Varlığın Hudûdu ve Âdem’in Hübûtu","authors":"Asiye Tiğli","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.993777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.993777","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78660000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enigma ve Paradigma Arasında Nedensellik, Batı ve Biz","authors":"Ertuğrul Cesur","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.1010501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1010501","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90306856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erken Dönem İslâm Düşünce Geleneğinde Fârâbî Felsefesi ve Mantığı","authors":"A. Çetin","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.1009997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.1009997","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84792030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bir Son Dönem Osmanlı Âlimi Halil Şükrü el-Boyâbâdî ve Kitâbü’l-Ḳażâ’ ve’l-Ḳader Adlı Risalesi","authors":"Esra Düzenli̇","doi":"10.18317/kaderdergi.998718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.998718","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17877,"journal":{"name":"Kader","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75883078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}