Energy advances最新文献

{"title":"TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites with a metal-free dye and a polymer gel electrolyte: optimizing photovoltaic efficiency and assessing stability via time series analysis†","authors":"Prakash S. Pawar, Pramod A. Koyale, Satyajeet S. Patil, Swapnil R. Patil, Jinho Bae, Nilesh R. Chodankar, Yash G. Kapdi, Saurabh S. Soni, Pramod S. Patil and Sagar D. Delekar","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00553H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00553H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >As part of the rapidly advancing field of energy technologies, solar energy-driven studies using nanomaterials have gained significant attention. In this context, designing dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with nanostructured titania (TiO<small>₂</small>) and its composites is a key focus in material selection. This study investigated the synthesis and photovoltaic performance of TiO<small>₂</small> nanoparticles (NPs) and their composites with ZnO nanorods (NRs), synthesized <em>via</em> a one-step <em>ex situ</em> approach. The fabricated devices were evaluated using a metal-free SK3 dye (D–π–A carbazole) and a Co<small>²⁺</small>/Co<small>³⁺</small>-based polymer gel electrolyte. Structural properties were analyzed using Rietveld refinement, alongside other physicochemical characteristics. Notably, the TiO<small>₂</small>/ZnO nanocomposite (TZ-3 NCs) with 30 wt% ZnO NRs in the photoanode demonstrated a significant improvement in solar energy-conversion efficiency (<em>η</em>) of 4.3%, which was 1.8 times higher than that of the TiO<small>₂</small>/SK3 NC-based photoanode (2.38%). This enhancement was attributed to the reduced charge-transfer resistance, improved donor density, and increased surface area, facilitating efficient charge transport. Additionally, the study explored the stability of the TZ-3/SK3 NC-based photoanode using time series analysis, a statistical tool that can contribute to understanding its long-term performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 4","pages":" 578-587"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d4ya00553h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Additive manufacturing of highly conductive carbon nanotube architectures towards 3D-printed carbon-based flexible thermoelectric generators","authors":"Christos K. Mytafides, William J. Wright, Raden Gustinvil, Lazaros Tzounis, George Karalis, Alkiviadis S. Paipetis and Emrah Celik","doi":"10.1039/D5YA90009C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5YA90009C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Additive manufacturing of highly conductive carbon nanotube architectures towards 3D-printed carbon-based flexible thermoelectric generators’ by Christos K. Mytafides <em>et al.</em>, <em>Energy Adv.</em>, 2024, <strong>3</strong>, 1642–1652, https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00182F.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 459-459"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d5ya90009c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the chemical and electrochemical behavior of halide and sulfide electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries†","authors":"Artur Tron, Alexander Beutl, Irshad Mohammad and Andrea Paolella","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00618F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00618F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become widely used in small and large applications, but the use of toxic and flammable liquid electrolytes can lead to safety issues and reduced cell performance. New generation solid-state lithium batteries (SSBs) have the potential to replace LIBs due to their safety and potentially high energy density (&gt;450 W h kg<small>⁻¹</small>). The solid electrolyte (SE) is a crucial component in solid-state batteries. Among the available options, sulfide- and halide-based solid electrolytes stand out as promising candidates due to their high ionic conductivity and ease of processing. They are among the most prominent topics in solid electrolyte research for solid-state batteries. Despite their advantages like good compatibility with high-voltage cathodes and easy manufacturing, solid electrolytes still face issues of degradation of the Li metal/solid electrolyte interface. This is due to the formation of side reaction products at the interface, which inhibits lithium transport across it. The primary issue stems from the poor chemical and electrochemical stability of sulfide- and halide-based solid electrolytes when in contact with lithium metal. In this study, we have demonstrated that the composite electrolytes (Li<small>₃</small>YCl<small>₄</small>Br<small>₂</small>:Li<small>₆</small>PS<small>₅</small>Cl) comprising halide and argyrodite can prevent the formation of unfavorable interactions between the solid electrolyte and the Li metal anode. The Li/Li-symmetric cells employing the Li<small>₃</small>YCl<small>₄</small>Br<small>₂</small>:Li<small>₆</small>PS<small>₅</small>Cl electrolytes exhibited enhanced cycle life and high critical current density (CCD) from C/20 to C/2, compared to the symmetric cells utilizing only Li<small>₃</small>YCl<small>₄</small>Br<small>₂</small> or Li<small>₆</small>PS<small>₅</small>Cl electrolyte. Furthermore, the Li/Li<small>₃</small>YCl<small>₄</small>Br<small>₂</small>/NCM half-cells demonstrated high initial coulombic efficiency and extended cycle life compared to half-cells utilizing traditional halide and argyrodite electrolytes. The approach described here offers a pathway to enhance halide-based solid-state batteries, providing a relatively simple and effective strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 4","pages":" 518-529"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d4ya00618f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic analysis of indirect carbonation processes for carbon sequestration using mining waste†","authors":"Katherine Vaz Gomes, Caleb M. Woodall, Hélène Pilorgé, Peter Psarras and Jennifer Wilcox","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00567H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00567H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Carbon mineralization offers the potential to durably store gigatonne-scale CO<small>₂</small> emissions, with mining waste representing an especially promising feedstock due to its relatively small particle size, global availability, and opportunities for decarbonizing the mining sector. Despite significant research into the scale and potential of this technology, there remains a lack of techno-economic analyses (TEAs) that comprehensively capture the full-process costs of indirect carbonation using a pH-swing approach. This approach enables both CO<small>₂</small> storage in carbonates, potentially usable to decarbonize concrete, and the extraction of critical minerals, incorporating the costs and revenues of coupling these processes. To address this gap, we developed a Class IV TEA tailored to estimate the costs and life cycle assessment (LCA) of combining critical mineral extraction and carbon mineralization in mining wastes. The model evaluates scenarios for various waste types (<em>i.e.</em>., legacy asbestos waste, aggregate quarry tailings, platinum group metal tailings) under different extraction conditions (acid type, temperature, strength) and carbonation parameters. Additionally, sensitivity analyses explore the effects of reactor design, internal acid–base recycling, and other factors on process costs and carbon efficiency. Our findings show carbon efficiencies of up to 95%, depending on process design. Acid–base recycling is critical for cost-effective and carbon-negative operations: without recycling, process costs exceed $3000 per tCO<small>₂</small> and yield a carbon efficiency of −280%, while internal acid regeneration reduces costs to $500–800 per tCO<small>₂</small> with carbon efficiencies ranging from 41–72%. Process costs vary by waste type and process conditions, ranging from $800–1800 per tCO<small>₂</small> (assuming 10% reagent makeup), with the carbonate precipitation step contributing 34–78% of total costs. The TEA highlights that acid–base recycling is essential for scaling the pH-swing process on mine tailings and should be a research priority to enable gigatonne-scale CO<small>₂</small> storage by mid-century. Additionally, selectively recovering critical minerals in wastes where magnesium and calcium are not exclusively leached could significantly offset capital costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 435-446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d4ya00567h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of precursor dosing on the surface passivation of AZO/AlOx stacks formed using atomic layer deposition†","authors":"Yan Wang, Theodore D. C. Hobson, Jack E. N. Swallow, Shona McNab, John O’Sullivan, Anastasia H. Soeriyadi, Xinya Niu, Rebekah C. Fraser, Akash Dasgupta, Soumyajit Maitra, Pietro P. Altermatt, Robert S. Weatherup, Matthew Wright and Ruy S. Bonilla","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00552J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00552J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >High-efficiency solar cell architectures, including silicon heterojunction (SHJ) and perovskite/silicon tandems, rely heavily on the unique properties of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs). The push towards terawatt-scale PV manufacturing means it is increasingly desirable to develop indium-free TCOs to facilitate the upscaled manufacturing of high-efficiency cell designs. Aluminium-doped ZnO (AZO) deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its combination of optical transparency and electrical conductivity. In addition, AZO has also been shown to passivate the c-Si surface. The ability for one material to provide all three properties without requiring any indium is advantageous in single junction and tandem solar devices. Herein, we demonstrate exceptional silicon surface passivation using AZO/AlO<small>_<em>x</em></small> stacks deposited with ALD, with a <em>J</em><small>₀</small> &lt; 1 fA cm<small>⁻²</small> and corresponding implied open circuit voltage (iV<small>_OC</small>) of 740 mV. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of ALD precursor dosing to achieve optimised performance. A broad range of characterisation approaches were used to probe the structural, compositional, and chemical properties of AZO films. These indicated that the passivation properties are governed by a delicate interplay between the Zn and Al concentrations in the film, highlighting the importance of precise process control. Optical modelling in a single junction SHJ architecture indicates these AZO films are close in performance to high-mobility indium-containing TCOs. The insights provided by this work may help to further the case of indium-free TCOs, which is critical for upscaled production of high-efficiency solar cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 4","pages":" 553-564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11826515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143434418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the potential of Pr2O3/C18H6Cu3O12 composites as positrodes with sustainable energy-power density for battery-supercapacitor hybrids","authors":"Muhammad Zahir Iqbal, Ayesha Zakir, Syed Johar Ali Shah, Ghulam Dastageer, Khalid Mujasam Batoo and Muhammad Farzik Ijaz","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00490F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00490F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), incorporating the benefits of batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), have drawn significant research attention. In this regard, metal oxides and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as standout contenders for electrode materials because of their varying oxidation states, redox-active nature and immensely high porosity along with large active site ratios. Here, we fabricated praseodymium sesquioxide (Pr<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>) in combination with C<small>₁₈</small>H<small>₆</small>Cu<small>₃</small>O<small>₁₂</small> MOF and compared their composites in different weight ratios. Through three-electrode characterizations, the composite with the same weight ratio revealed a remarkable specific capacity of 2046 C g<small>⁻¹</small>, showing enhanced performance because of the proper utilization of C<small>₁₈</small>H<small>₆</small>Cu<small>₃</small>O<small>₁₂</small> porosity and the chemical activity of Pr<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>. This composite (Pr<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>/C<small>₁₈</small>H<small>₆</small>Cu<small>₃</small>O<small>₁₂</small>) was subsequently combined with activated carbon in a hybrid device, and numerous electrochemical characterizations were further performed. Based on the outcomes, the device demonstrated a maximum specific capacity of 310 C g<small>⁻¹</small>, along with energy and power densities of 67 W h kg<small>⁻¹</small> and 6114 W kg<small>⁻¹</small>, respectively, and a capacity retention of 98%. After careful evaluation of the device, two different models were applied to estimate the approximate capacitive and diffusive contributions of the device. These findings highlight the potential of the study for future usage in battery-supercapacitor systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 447-458"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d4ya00490f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of organic carotenoid and carbonaceous biomass of Tagetes erecta flowers for enhanced solar hydrogen generation†","authors":"Sayantanu Mandal, Pawan Kumar and Kajari Kargupta","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00390J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00390J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Waste <em>Tagetes erecta</em> (Marigold) yellow-coloured flowers comprising carbonaceous biomass and organic pigment carotenoids are utilised for enhanced solar hydrogen generation through water splitting. The carbonaceous moiety of floral biomass, acting as a substrate is oxidised, makes uphill water splitting thermodynamically easier and improves the hydrogen production rate. Carotenoid, having visible light absorption and charge separation capability, acts as a photosensitizer when hybridised with semiconductors. A carotenoid–CdS nanohybrid photocatalyst exhibits an enhanced photocatalytic activity of 15 mmol g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>, almost three times that of pristine CdS (5 mmol g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>), when tested for hydrogen generation <em>via</em> water splitting under the full-band solar spectrum. The activity is further enhanced to 35 mmol g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small> (∼7 times that of pristine CdS) when the <em>Tagetes erecta</em>–CdS photocatalytic system is used for water splitting. An AQE of ∼17% is achieved using 420 nm of visible light.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 387-391"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d4ya00390j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrolyte composition dependent Li-ion binding and degradation of organic radical battery material†","authors":"Davis Thomas Daniel, Emmanouil Veroutis, P. Philipp M. Schleker, Rüdiger-A. Eichel and Josef Granwehr","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00612G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00612G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrolyte composition governs battery design due to its influence on ion dynamics, active material stability, and performance. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), complemented by density functional theory calculations, the impact of electrolyte properties on an organic redox unit, TEMPO methacrylate (TMA), is explored. EPR hyperfine spectroscopy revealed that the amount of TMA bound to Li ions can be altered depending on the solvent used, and a higher fraction of TMA are Li-bound in linear carbonates compared to cyclic carbonates. The active material itself can be involved in the solvation shell of electrolyte ions, and insight into active material–electrolyte interactions from pulsed EPR may enable tuning of ion dynamics in organic radical batteries. Furthermore, the impact of moisture-dependent electrolyte degradation on the stability of TMA, investigated using time-resolved NMR and continuous wave EPR spectroscopy, resulted in the identification of degradation products and a degradation pathway mediated by the electrolyte.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 392-399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d4ya00612g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic waste gasification for low-carbon hydrogen production: a comprehensive review","authors":"Muhammad Aamir Bashir, Tuo Ji, Jennifer Weidman, Yee Soong, McMahan Gray, Fan Shi and Ping Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00292J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00292J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogen is one of the most important feedstocks for the chemical industry, power production, and the decarbonization of other sectors that rely on natural gas. The production of hydrogen from plastics enables sustainable use of plastic waste and offers significant environmental benefits. Gasification emerges as a promising route for chemical recycling, converting plastic into hydrogen and other valuable chemicals. Although the gasification of plastic waste has recently gained attention, the number of studies regarding low-carbon hydrogen production is still limited. The effective integration of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is essential for achieving low-carbon hydrogen production <em>via</em> gasification, which enables the efficient capture and storage of CO<small>₂</small> emissions. Incorporating coal waste and biomass into plastic gasification can synergistically enhance reforming reactions for hydrogen production, reduce tar content, and resolve feeding issues caused by plastic stickiness. Based on the previous studies, this paper briefly reviews the mechanisms of plastic gasification including plastic depolymerization, reforming, tar and char formation, and gasification; the discussions on feedstocks and effects of operating conditions on H<small>₂</small> production including plastic-type, temperature, steam/carbon ratio, equivalence ratio, and catalysts; and the integration of CCUS and alternative recovery processes in plastic gasification for low-carbon hydrogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 330-363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d4ya00292j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SnO2 modified CsH2PO4 (CDP) protonic electrolyte for an electrochemical hydrogen pump†","authors":"Minal Gupta, Kangkang Zhang and Kevin Huang","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00606B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00606B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >CsH<small>₂</small>PO<small>₄</small> (CDP) is a well-known super-protonic conductor. However, it must operate under high humidity conditions to prevent dehydration and fast conductivity decay. Herein, we report that adding hydrophilic SnO<small>₂</small> into CDP can suppress the rate of dehydration of CDP, thus stabilizing protonic conductivity over a broader range of water partial pressures (<em>p</em><small>_{H<small>₂</small>O}</small>). A total of seven compositions of (1 − <em>x</em>)CDP/(<em>x</em>)SnO<small>₂</small> were prepared, where 5 ≤ <em>x</em> ≤ 40 (wt%), and examined for their phasal, microstructural, and vibrational properties using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The signature of H<small>₂</small>O retained in SnO<small>₂</small>-added CPD was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Among these samples, 18 wt% SnO<small>₂</small> in CDP stood out, showing a stable protonic conductivity of 0.6 × 10<small>⁻²</small> S cm<small>⁻¹</small> at 250 °C, even at 10% H<small>₂</small>O. We also provide data from pre- and post-test characterization to facilitate the understanding of the observed stability improvement and degradation mechanisms. Finally, we show stable H<small>₂</small> pumping performance of electrochemical cells with pure CDP and 18 wt% SnO<small>₂</small>–CDP electrolyte and Pt/C electrode. Overall, 18 wt% SnO<small>₂</small>–CDP is the best composition, showing stable conductivity under reduced H<small>₂</small>O conditions and 18 wt% SnO<small>₂</small>–CDP electrolyte with Pt/C electrode is the best membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for electrochemical H<small>₂</small> pumping for lower water partial pressure applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 3","pages":" 424-434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ya/d4ya00606b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}