人文科学最新文献

{"title":"Epilogue: the many worlds of rock(et) stars.","authors":"Asif Siddiqi","doi":"10.1017/S0007087425101167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087425101167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This epilogue considers the approach and conception of this collection, highlighting key analytical strands in the essays while also suggesting possible avenues of further research. It spotlights the global nature of their analysis, which offers one structural framework - individual scientific personas and the often transnational networks which they inhabit - as a possible avenue to imagine a so-called global Space Age. The epilogue also investigates possible frames for further analyses, particularly regarding gender and translation. Men dominate the pantheon of space personas, which, I argue, is a function of the way popular discourses about space travel are still dominated not only by patriarchal and often misogynistic tropes, but also by how we define 'technology' itself as essentially a male domain of activity. More broadly, we need further investigation of multiple and gendered erasures involved in the creation of male space personas. Similarly, the kinds of tools, work and strategies the space personas deployed to translate their visions across different social, discursive, cultural and temporal domains require attention. In particular, one can imagine that the afterlife of these personas will be susceptible to change and alteration as their messages, reputations, and principal attachments are continually reshaped by historical change, popular culture, and academic currents.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144555235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Keep calm but do not carry on: ethical issues with the recommendations made by the Cass Review (2024).","authors":"Simona Giordano","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-110613","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jme-2024-110613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper discusses some of the ethical and legal issues that the recommendations contained in the Cass Review raise. It focuses, in particular, on the recommendation that hormonal treatment in the form of puberty blockers be made available only within a clinical trial. This paper explains why a clinical trial is highly unlikely to expand the evidence base in the way stated in the Review, and that other kinds of research, such as observational and longitudinal studies, are much more likely to be useful in this context. Those other kinds of research, however, are considered by Cass to provide low quality of evidence. In addition to the feasibility of clinical trials in this context, there are important ethical issues, which relate to consent and its voluntariness.</p>","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a virtual environment for the Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa: developing a georeferenced and optimised digital dataset","authors":"Michele Smith, Dominic Stratford, Oliver Bimber, Daniel Irurah","doi":"10.15184/aqy.2025.10141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2025.10141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><img href=\"S0003598X25101415_figAb.png\" mimesubtype=\"png\" mimetype=\"image\" orientation=\"\" position=\"float\" src=\"https://static.cambridge.org//content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0003598X25101415/resource/name/optimisedImage-png-S0003598X25101415_figAb.jpg?pub-status=live\" type=\"\"/></p>","PeriodicalId":8058,"journal":{"name":"Antiquity","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144547369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the current situation of ICU nurses' moral disengagement and influencing factors.","authors":"Juanfeng He, Yalin Zhang, Fang Zhang, Xue Yang, Xi Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01245-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01245-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Moral disengagement can lead to anti-social behaviour by employees in business. In the healthcare field, moral disengagement can lead nurses to make unethical decisions and behaviours that can harm patient well-being. Therefore, this paper will examine the factors influencing moral disengagement among ICU nurses with the aim of contributing to the reduction of the level of moral disengagement among nurses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between January 2024 and January 2025, ICU nurses from second-level and above general hospitals in Henan and Hubei, China, were selected as survey respondents. The questionnaire survey was conducted using a general information questionnaire, a moral disengagement scale, a moral resilience scale, and a moral disengagement energy scale, and multiple linear stepwise regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of ICU nurses' moral disengagement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>305 ICU nurses scored (91.40 ± 34.37) on the Moral Disengagement Scale. The multiple linear stepwise regression analysis results showed that years of working experience, whether or not they had received ethics training(16.219 p < 0.001), ears of experience (-7.673, p = 0.018), moral resilience(-18.452,p < 0.001), and moral distress (5.523,p < 0.001) were the influencing factors of moral disengagement among ICU nurses (p < 0.05). The adjusted R2 = 0.499,which explains 49.9% of the total variation, suggests that the model explains the influences of moral disengagement well.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The moral disengagement of ICU nurses is moderately high, and individualized interventions can be carried out for high-risk groups to reduce this level and improve ethical decision-making to protect patient's rights and interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"80"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community-led institutional innovation: Groundwater sharing, values and relationships in India’s rainfed farming systems","authors":"Rajeswari S. Raina ,&nbsp;Helen Longino","doi":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49467,"journal":{"name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science","volume":"112 ","pages":"Pages 102-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative autobiographical exploration of language-in-education policy roles in a youth reengagement program","authors":"Jeremy Hurdus","doi":"10.1016/j.system.2025.103754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.system.2025.103754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the language-in-education policy roles taken up by an instructor/case manager in his support of emergent bilinguals in a youth reengagement program in the American state of Washington. In conceptualizing agency as relationally constituted, I apply positioning analysis to journal entries in order to identify policy roles as they emerge in interaction with others. The findings reveal that I act as a gatekeeper, translator, and critic which are then situated within existing typologies of language policy roles and discussed in terms of their relational and discursive production. Given the impact student placement and acceptance procedures have on emergent bilinguals, gatekeeper may deserve its own category as a policy role in the literature. Additionally, while some positions co-emerge relationally between multiple agents taking up the same role, others are merely relationally contingent. In these cases, an interlocutor facilitates another individual either assuming a policy role or reevaluating his/her interpretation of the rights and duties associated with that position. Because students often participate in this process, they deserve greater attention as language policy actors. Finally, these findings highlight the need for further scholarship aimed at developing a more nuanced typology of language-in-education policy roles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48185,"journal":{"name":"System","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103754"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence policies in bioethics and health humanities: a comparative analysis of publishers and journals.","authors":"Christopher Bobier, Daniel Rodger, Daniel Hurst","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01239-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01239-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) pose novel ethical and practical challenges for scholarly publishing. Although AI-related policies are emerging in many disciplines, little is known about the extent and clarity of AI guidance in bioethics and health humanities journals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search of publicly available journal lists from the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, Health Humanities Consortium, and Association for Medical Humanities was supplemented with Google Scholar's top 20 bioethics journals ranked by h5-index. This yielded 54 unique journals, of which 50 remained after excluding those without a functional website or recent publications. AI policies were reviewed at the journal and publisher levels were assessed via website review, and editors were contacted for clarification when required. Data extraction was conducted by one author and independently verified by two additional researchers to ensure accuracy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 50 journals analyzed, only 8 (16%) had a clear AI policy, while 27 (54%) were published by a publisher with an identifiable AI policy. Publisher AI policy statements were favorable to considering AI-assisted manuscripts. Five (10%) of the 8 journals with a clear AI policy explicitly prohibited AI-generated text in submissions. The remaining 15 (30%) journals did not have a publicly available AI policy. Ten of these 15 journals confirmed an absence of any formal AI policy, and seven indicated that discussion to develop guidelines was ongoing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The adoption of AI policies in bioethics and health humanities journals is currently inconsistent. Some journals explicitly ban AI-generated text, whereas others permit AI-assisted writing, with publisher policies being favorable to considering AI-assisted manuscripts. The lack of standardized AI guidelines underscores the need for further discussion to ensure the ethical and responsible integration of AI in academic publishing.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"79"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of two mobile-assisted language learning apps on L2 receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge: A mixed-methods study","authors":"Mostafa Janebi Enayat ,&nbsp;Nazanin Asadi Ghadim ,&nbsp;Ali Arabmofrad","doi":"10.1016/j.system.2025.103763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.system.2025.103763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the popularity of mobile apps for second language (L2) vocabulary learning, the specific app features that influence various aspects of vocabulary knowledge remain uncertain. This study compares the effects of two newly developed apps, Sayra and Zabanyad, on L2 receptive and productive vocabulary acquisition. Additionally, the perceived advantages and disadvantages associated with each app were probed. Forty-two Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners were divided into two experimental groups (using Sayra or Zabanyad) and a control group. Participants completed the New Vocabulary Levels Test (NVLT), a pretest encompassing the vocabulary from both apps, followed by an immediate receptive vocabulary posttest and a delayed productive vocabulary posttest. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with learners in the experimental groups to gather qualitative insights. The results indicated that users of Sayra significantly outperformed both Zabanyad users and the control group in the receptive vocabulary posttest. However, no significant differences were observed among the groups in the productive vocabulary posttest. Qualitative findings revealed a generally favorable perception of Sayra, for integrating game-based elements, such as leaderboards, rewards, and challenges. The findings have implications for L2 teachers and developers of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) materials, highlighting the potential of gamification to enhance vocabulary learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48185,"journal":{"name":"System","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103763"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Descriptions of risks and benefits of HIV vaccine trials in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs): an integrative review.","authors":"Judith Shayo, Deodatus Sabas, Adamu Addissie, Eligius Lyamuya, Connie Ulrich","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01235-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-025-01235-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials are needed in efforts to prevent infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Like other types of research, HIV vaccine trials present benefits and risks that may or may not be anticipated by participants. Perceptions of risks and benefits often vary with contextual factors, such as sociocultural and economic variables, which are important in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This integrative review aimed to determine the risks and benefits of HIV vaccine trial participation reported in the LMICs from 1995 to 2024. The risks and benefits were reported by participants and potential participants during trial preparations, recruitment, actual trial participation or after trial participation. In this review we assessed on how the risks and benefits were described by the authors of the reviewed studies. We also sought to categorize these risks and benefits, consider ethical implications, identify gaps for further research, and recommend actions for policy improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The integrative review screened studies from four databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science). Studies were eligible if they involved interactions with human subjects and were written in English. Covidence software was used to organize the search outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Identified benefits included a sense of altruism, free healthcare, financial incentives and HIV education. Risks included stigma and discrimination associated with vaccine-induced seropositivity, perceived racism and fear of delayed harms. Important descriptions of risks and benefits (e.g., magnitude and likelihood) were missing. Free healthcare and financial incentives may render participants too influenced to enter consent, which is an important ethical concern in LMICs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The literature was scant, highlighting a need for research on how participants in LMICs are informed about weighing risks and benefits of HIV vaccine trial participation. More in-depth description of risks and benefits is warranted. Standardized risk/benefit assessment frameworks tailored to the context of these trials in LMICs are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distance caregiving using smart home technologies: balancing ethical priorities in family decision-making by only children.","authors":"Yi Jiao Angelina Tian, Michael Dunn, Silke Schicktanz, Julian Savulescu, Tenzin Wangmo","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01210-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-025-01210-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The parallel growth of population ageing and international migration have introduced a unique population of transnational caregivers in elder care. Particularly for only children who face conflicting obligations and reduced caregiving resources, smart home devices could be technical tools to care for older parents from a distance. Research towards the use of these technologies has unearthed ethical issues such as privacy, autonomy, stigma and beneficence, but has not been fully explored in distance care. In this paper, we explore the ethical issues expressed by a group of only children towards integrating assistive, monitoring, and robotic technologies in their transnational care plans.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Purposive snowball sampling was used for the recruitment of 26 distance caregivers aged between 28 and 45, who were their parent's only children. They lived in Europe for at least 5 years, with at least one parent residing in the home country. In semi-structured interviews, participants discussed the ethical issues of wearable devices, ambient and visual remote monitoring technologies, as well as the possible use of one assistive robot in the context of distance caregiving for older parents. We used the applied thematic analysis methodology to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We highlight two ethical considerations. First, participants saw the need for maximizing good outcomes in caring for their older parents and fulfilling their responsibilities to ensure their health and safety, balanced against the respect for the parents' autonomy, dignity, and privacy. Second, they weighed the benefits and harms of technologies at a distance to provide companionship and support against the intrinsic value placed on care received from one's only child.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Discussions to involve technologies in elder care at a distance prompted complex decision-making processes to balance, weigh, and rationalize their ethical concerns as foreseen by the caregivers. The importance of maximizing the health and safety of older parents came at an unavoidable cost of the respect to autonomy, privacy, and dignity. Participants valued their own emotional connection and relationship to their parents, which they prioritized above the instrumental value of technological support. We further discuss our findings within the ethics of care theory and concepts within transnational care literature to make sense of the broader ethical implications of this empirical study.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}