人文科学最新文献

{"title":"Empirical approaches to infrastructures for datafication: Introduction to the special issue","authors":"Jennifer Pybus, Stine Lomborg, Alessandro Gandini, Signe Sophus Lai","doi":"10.1177/14614448251314396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251314396","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a special issue exploring emerging empirical approaches to studying infrastructures for datafication and their social, political, and economic implications. The merits of empirical research on infrastructures for datafication are drawn out across seven articles offering diverse methodological entry points to develop our understanding of how datafication processes operate across everyday life settings, sectors, and institutions. The contributions span multiple levels of infrastructural analysis, from tracking ecologies to digital platforms and chatbots. They also cover a range of core questions regarding the relationship and power dynamics between private and public institutions, and between big technology companies and everyday citizenhood. In illuminating how infrastructures for datafication operate, for whom and with what ends, the special issue extends a fruitful dialogue between infrastructure studies and people-centric approaches to datafication and opens avenues for infrastructure research across disciplines to create more coherent understandings of how specific technological operations shape social life.","PeriodicalId":19149,"journal":{"name":"New Media & Society","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public sector chatbots: AI frictions and data infrastructures at the interface of the digital welfare state","authors":"Anne Kaun, Maris Männiste","doi":"10.1177/14614448251314394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251314394","url":null,"abstract":"Chatbots have become a mundane experience for Internet users. Public sector institutions have recently been introducing more advanced chatbots. In this article, we consider two cases of public sector chatbots, one in Estonia and one in Sweden, seeking to challenge the seemingly coherent understanding of artificial intelligence (AI) in the public sector. The aim is to both question the “thingness” of AI and show AI chatbots can be very different things. The material in this article is based on in-depth interviews and observations at public sector institutions that have relatively recently implemented chatbots. We employ the notion of AI frictions as a sensitizing concept to engage with the material and the diverging character of the public sector chatbots in the two countries. In the analysis, we identify AI frictions related to expectations of AI, organizational logics, as well as values connected with the digitalization of the public sector.","PeriodicalId":19149,"journal":{"name":"New Media & Society","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking menopause: An SDK Data Audit for intimate infrastructures of datafication with ChatGPT4o","authors":"Jennifer Pybus, Mina Mir","doi":"10.1177/14614448251314401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251314401","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel methodology to examine the tracking infrastructures that extend datafication across a sample of 14 menopause-related applications. The Software Development Kit (SDK) Data Audit is a mixed methodology that explores how personal data are accessed in apps using ChatGPT4o to account for how digital surveillance transpires via SDKs. Our research highlights that not all apps are equal amid ubiquitous datafication, with a disproportionate number of SDK services provided by Google, Meta, and Amazon. Our three key findings include: (1) an empirical approach for auditing SDKs; (2) a means to account for modular SDK infrastructure; and (3) the central role that App Events—micro-data points that map every action we make inside of apps—play in the data-for-service economy that SDKs enable. This work is intended to open up space for more critical research on the tracking infrastructures of datafication within our apps in any domain.","PeriodicalId":19149,"journal":{"name":"New Media & Society","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconsidering autonomy: Asian Americans' use of relational autonomy in organ donation decisions.","authors":"Gerard P Alolod, Diana C Litsas, Laura A Siminoff","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01206-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-025-01206-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As cultural contexts have gained increasing relevance in medical decision-making, the current mainstream definition of autonomy is insufficient. A viable alternative framework, relational autonomy posits that agents' actions are influenced by and embedded in society and culture rather than occurring in isolation. To test the concept's applicability, we examine whether Asian Americans in the study's sample operationalize relational autonomy as a decisional approach in hypothetical scenarios about organ donation, a practice for which there is considerably lower enthusiasm compared to other racial groups in the US.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A national sample of Asian American adults were recruited from a Qualtrics research panel. Participants completed a Think-Aloud interview containing scenarios in which they decide whether or not to: (1) become a registered donor at the motor vehicle department; (2) authorize organ donation for a close relative who unexpectedly died. The interview first elicited candid reactions to the scenarios, followed by probing participants' rationale of their initial responses. Participants' final decision to each scenario (whether or not to register; whether or not consent to surrogate authorization), as well as participants' decisional approaches (individualistic vs. relational) were coded using the constant comparison method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample (n = 40) mirrored the largest proportions of Asian Americans in the US; the plurality identified as Chinese (35%), Filipino (27.5%) and Indian (25%). In response to the organ donor registration prompt, a majority of respondents (57.5%) expressed they would employ the mainstream decisional approach of individualistic autonomy, and 42.5% would make the decision with a relational approach. In contrast, when responding to the surrogate authorization prompt, the majority (77.5%) described a relational approach when making the decision, to preserve familial harmony and honor their cultural heritage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Use of individualistic and relational autonomy frameworks are situational for some individuals. Participants acknowledged the impact of personal, cultural, and societal elements on their decisional approach. The concept of relational autonomy has utility through its versatility in complex decision-making events and by accounting for multiple stakeholders without privileging the autonomy of a single decision-maker over others.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143774923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spin in randomized controlled trials of pharmacology in COVID-19: A systematic review.","authors":"Yunkyoung Oh, Youn-Joo Jung, Purja Sujata, Minji Kim, Dong Keon Yon, Seung Won Lee, Kyuyeon Cho, Ai Koyanagi, Zhaoli Dai, Lee Smith, Jae Il Shin, Eunyoung Kim","doi":"10.1080/08989621.2023.2269083","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08989621.2023.2269083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spin, defined as the misrepresentation of the results of a study, could negate the validity of scientific findings. To explore the manifestation of spin, and identify the factors affecting spin in COVID-19 RCTs, a systematic review was performed from PubMed/Medline, National Institutes of Health, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science. RCTs on pharmacotherapy for COVID-19 with nonsignificant primary outcomes published in 2020 were included. 21 abstracts (33.9%) and 28 main texts (45.2%) were found to contain spin in at least one section. In the conclusion section, other spin strategies beautifying their findings that were not included in the abstract were found in the main texts. More factors influencing the level of spin were found in abstracts than in the main texts, but most of the levels of spin in abstracts were comparable to those in the main texts. Although common factors that affected the manifestation of spin in the main texts and abstracts were the sample size and type of journal, further research to determine multicollinearity between significant factors and the manifestation of spin is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":50927,"journal":{"name":"Accountability in Research-Policies and Quality Assurance","volume":" ","pages":"214-232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41219414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governance of research and product improvement studies in consumer mental health apps. Interviews with researchers and app developers.","authors":"Kamiel Verbeke, Charu Jain, Ambra Shpendi, Pascal Borry","doi":"10.1080/08989621.2023.2281548","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08989621.2023.2281548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Consumer mental health apps (MHAs) collect and generate mental health-related data on their users, which can be leveraged for research and product improvement studies. Such studies are associated with ethical issues that may be difficult for researchers and app developers to assess. To improve ethical study conduct, governance through rules, agreements and customs could be relied upon, but their translation into practice is subject to barriers. This qualitative interview study with 17 researchers and app developers looked into the role and impact of governance standards on consumer MHA studies. Interviewees experienced a significant number of rules, agreements and customs, although not all of the governance standards that can potentially be applicable. Standards did have an impact on the interests of researchers and app developers, app users and society, but this impact was mediated by several barriers related to their conceptualization and implementation. Conceptualization barriers impacted the development of a standard, the inclusion of relevant concepts and the coordination between standards. Implementation barriers concerned the resource cost of understanding a standard, as well as suboptimal enforcement. The framework developed in this study can support more effective efforts to improve the governance of future consumer MHA studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50927,"journal":{"name":"Accountability in Research-Policies and Quality Assurance","volume":" ","pages":"341-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing faculty research mentors: Influence of experience with diverse mentees, gender, and mentorship training.","authors":"Louie C Alexander, Elise Demeter, Katherine Hall-Hertel, Lisa M Rasmussen","doi":"10.1080/08989621.2023.2280234","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08989621.2023.2280234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective mentoring is crucial for early-career researchers, and formal mentor training programs have demonstrated benefits for participating faculty. To determine how mentor training generalizes to different contexts and populations, we delivered mentor training and evaluated its impact on faculty's self-perceived mentoring skills. We also assessed whether mentor experience with diverse mentee populations or mentor gender influences mentors' self-perceived skills and if training interacted with these self-perceptions. We found mentors with more experience with diverse mentees were more likely to rate their mentoring skills higher than mentors with less experience across most areas assessed. Women rated themselves more highly than men at addressing diversity within the mentoring relationship. Mentors with less experience with diverse mentees gained the most training-related benefits in fostering independence skills. Training improved faculty self-perceived mentoring skills in all areas assessed. These results suggest while mentor training can benefit all involved, it can be especially useful for those newer to mentoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":50927,"journal":{"name":"Accountability in Research-Policies and Quality Assurance","volume":" ","pages":"318-340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89720360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-powered psychotherapy as a model for improving disclosure and substitute judgment.","authors":"Craig W McFarland","doi":"10.1136/jme-2025-110814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2025-110814","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical imperatives in migration health: Justice and care in forced migration contexts.","authors":"Akm Ahsan Ullah","doi":"10.1111/dewb.12482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines the ethical imperatives of migration health, focusing on displaced populations such as the Rohingya and Syrian refugees. Forced migration, driven by conflict, persecution, and climate disasters, presents profound ethical challenges to global healthcare systems. Utilizing deontological ethics, utilitarianism, and human rights-based approaches, the research addresses key principles like justice, equity, autonomy, and non-maleficence in healthcare provision for refugees. Empirical insights reveal significant barriers to healthcare access for displaced populations, including systemic discrimination, resource scarcity, and cultural constraints. Ethical dilemmas are particularly evident in resource allocation, prioritization of acute over chronic conditions, and neglect of mental health services. Through case studies from Rohingya camps in Bangladesh and Syrian refugee settings in Turkey and Jordan, the study highlights inequities in healthcare delivery, exacerbated by cultural and logistical challenges. The article emphasizes on culturally sensitive training, participatory healthcare design, and equitable resource distribution as critical pathways to ethical healthcare. Policy recommendations include prioritizing mental health, harmonizing national policies with international human rights law, and fostering global accountability frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":50590,"journal":{"name":"Developing World Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Open-Source Machine Learning–Based Methodological Approach for Processing High-Resolution UAS LiDAR Data in Archaeological Contexts: A Case Study from Epirus, Greece","authors":"Nicodemo Abate, Dimitris Roubis, Anthi Aggeli, Maria Sileo, Antonio Minervino Amodio, Valentino Vitale, Alessia Frisetti, Maria Danese, Pierluigi Arzu, Francesca Sogliani, Rosa Lasaponara, Nicola Masini","doi":"10.1007/s10816-025-09706-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-025-09706-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study shows and discusses an innovative approach devised for archaeological feature detection using unmanned aerial system (UAS) LiDAR and an open-source probabilistic machine learning framework. The methodology employs a Random Forest classification algorithm within CloudCompare’s 3DMASC plugin to analyse dense LiDAR point clouds. The main steps include classifier training, hyperparameter adjustment and point cloud segmentation to produce digital terrain models (DTM), digital feature models (DFM) and digital surface models (DSM). Experimenting different parameters led to the determination of the best set to be employed for the training model. Subsequent data enhancement with the Relief Visualisation Toolbox (RVT) refines the visibility of archaeological features, particularly within complex and heavily vegetated terrain. The use case selected to validate this approach is the site of Kastrí-Pandosia in Epirus (Greece), which is particularly suitable for LiDAR analysis by UAS. This approach significantly improves archaeological detection and interpretation, revealing previously inaccessible or obscured microtopographic and structural features. The results highlight the site’s defensive walls, terracing and potential anthropogenic routes, underlining the methodology’s effectiveness in detecting archaeological landscapes at multiple levels. This study emphasises the utility of accessible and open-source solutions for the identification of archaeological features, promoting cost-effective methods to improve the documentation of sites in remote or difficult locations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47725,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143757999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}