人文科学最新文献

{"title":"Automating Misrecognition: The Case of Disability.","authors":"Jackie Leach Scully, Georgia van Toorn, Sandra Gendera","doi":"10.1007/s11673-025-10462-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-025-10462-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the last decade, bioethics has begun to address the ethical issues emerging as artificial intelligence (AI) and associated technological processes such as automated decision-making (ADM) become part of healthcare and research. Recent work on justice in AI demonstrates that supposedly neutral AI systems can perpetuate the marginalization of various communities. But so far, there has been little exploration of the interaction of AI and disability. In this empirically based project, we have explored the implications of ADM in the lives of people with disability in Australia. This paper focuses on a point that was consistently raised in discussion by disabled participants but is rarely encountered in the AI ethics literature, especially in relation to disability: the problem of automated systems' failures of recognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retiring the Projectile Point Series Concept and Chronology in the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau","authors":"Alan R. Schroedl","doi":"10.1017/aaq.2024.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2024.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The concept of projectile point series was first developed in California and the Great Basin in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1981, applying the Monitor Valley projectile point key, Thomas (1981) assigned chronological ranges to five projectile point series for the Great Basin, the Gatecliff Series, the Humboldt Series, the Elko Series, the Rosegate Series, and the Desert Series, which were based on the Berkeley projectile point naming conventions. Each of these series, which are still in use today, include different morphological point forms that—although sharing the same primary designator—do not share the same temporal spans or geographic distributions. Morphologically different projectile points do not share a priori temporal, geographic, or cultural associations simply by virtue of sharing a series label. The use of the series concept and chronology in projectile point analyses in the West should be discontinued and replaced with analyses of morphological forms, geographic distributions, and temporal spans of individual point types.</p>","PeriodicalId":7424,"journal":{"name":"American Antiquity","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Balancing Acts: Communicating Legitimacy in Global Speech Governance","authors":"Diyi Liu","doi":"10.1177/20563051251340855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051251340855","url":null,"abstract":"The governance of online speech is increasingly a battleground shaped by competing social expectations. This study investigates TikTok’s content moderation in Indonesia and Pakistan, two countries with vast market potential and delicate social and moral stances. Through document analysis and in-depth interviews with government officials, industry representatives, and civil society experts, it examines how stakeholders navigate normative and pragmatic considerations in global speech governance. The findings first highlight distinct regulatory approaches: Indonesia’s collaborative yet paternalistic model preferring fines over bans. It emphasizes administrative compliance through jurisdictional control over platform rules. In contrast, Pakistan’s defensive stance prioritizes infrastructure-level monitoring and restrictions, often resorting to platform bans to enforce control over moral and religious content. Unlike its Silicon Valley counterparts, TikTok demonstrates strategic compliance, deliberately sidestepping controversy by delegating sensitive decisions to state authorities and avoiding political roles. While normative consensus on appropriate content remains elusive, civil society organizations mediate crucial accountability relationships through strategic activism, coalition-building, and international networks. The study discusses the tensions and cost-benefit appraisals of each actor group, identifies essential principles for legitimate speech governance, and examines challenges in translating these principles into actionable frameworks.","PeriodicalId":47920,"journal":{"name":"Social Media + Society","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comfort of Sexual and Behavioral Health Survey Research Participation among Undergraduate Students: Findings from a Random Sample of a Southern University.","authors":"Benjamin N Montemayor, Joy DeLeon, Christopher Owens","doi":"10.1177/15562646251347580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15562646251347580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many institutional review board (IRB) members often classify online sexual and behavioral health surveys as not meeting the minimal risk standard under the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) due to concerns that answering sensitive or controversial topics may cause discomfort. However, college students' comfortability in responding to such topics remains unknown. Undergraduate college students (<i>n</i> = 123) were asked about their comfort level in answering online survey questions about their sexual behaviors, alcohol use, drug use, and mental health. Additionally, the study examined demographic differences in comfort levels. Few participants reported overall discomfort when answering online survey questions about their sexual and behavioral health, and minimal demographic differences were found. Some IRB members may overestimate the discomfort participants experience when answering surveys about sexual behaviors, substance use, and mental health. Findings support the argument that online sexual and behavioral health surveys may meet the CFR criteria for minimal risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":50211,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"15562646251347580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theories of perception between semiophilia and semiophobia","authors":"Adrian Pablé","doi":"10.1016/j.langcom.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.langcom.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper argues that there exist philosophical disagreements over the nature and function of signs when it comes to theorizing perception. For this purpose, the paper compares three thinkers in terms of how they position themselves towards the thesis of perception as sign-mediated, namely Uexküll's semiotic biology, Gibson's ecological psychology, and Harris' integrationism. While Gibson stresses that perception is direct and unmediated, Harris suggests that perceptions are semiologically complex. In the final part, the paper introduces Tim Ingold's concepts of ‘semiophilia’ and ‘semiophobia’ within the context of a philosophy of semiotics and applies them to the theories of perception discussed. The conclusion that the paper draws is that the three thinkers subscribe to incompatible views on human-animal and human-world relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47575,"journal":{"name":"Language & Communication","volume":"103 ","pages":"Pages 150-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping ethical issues encompassing end-of-life care for persons experiencing severe and persistent mental illness: a qualitative study.","authors":"Loïc Moureau, Monica Verhofstadt, Caressa Van Hoe, Joris Vandenberghe, Chantal Van Audenhove, Axel Liégeois","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01234-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-025-01234-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Persons experiencing severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) represent a small but vulnerable group in mental health care and society. Research on this population is limited, despite significant ethical challenges in their care. These challenges include the severity of their illness, limited social networks, communication difficulties, impaired decision-making capacity, and, at times, disruptive behavior.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to explore the ethical themes that emerge in the care of persons experiencing SPMI, both in general and at the end of life. Specifically, we examine which issues arise, how care teams address ethical dilemmas, who is involved in decision-making, and what ethical frameworks or practices are utilized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted 73 in-depth qualitative interviews with care users, family members, caregivers, care managers, and experts from the Flemish region of Belgium. The data were analyzed through content analysis to identify recurring themes and reflect on ethical practices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings reveal that while many facilities have ethical guidelines or advisory structures such as ethics committees, these are often not well known or not perceived as easily accessible to frontline staff. Ethical dilemmas are predominantly addressed at the team level, with some organizations employing a reference person ethics in the unit, \"ethics pubs\", or peer support mechanisms for challenging situations. The most frequently mentioned ethical issue was euthanasia, whereas others included neglect in home settings, prolonged delays in initiating palliative care, and maintaining autonomy for care users. Resource allocation, both at the organizational and societal levels, was also identified as an ethical concern. Caregivers described tensions between creative, individualized care and institutional policies, whereas families emphasized the shared responsibility in finding appropriate care.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ethical care for persons experiencing SPMI demands attention to autonomy, collaboration, and resource distribution. Greater accessibility to ethical support systems and tailored approaches are needed to balance recovery-oriented care with a palliative care approach, ensuring dignity and respect for this vulnerable group.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Infertility Studies Conducted Towards Nazi Reparations, 1946-1978.","authors":"Tiarra Maznick","doi":"10.1093/jhmas/jraf013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jraf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the Holocaust, many women rejoiced when able to reproduce; children represented a return to normalcy, a stake in futurity, and even reproductive revenge against the Nazi regime. The consequent baby boom in Displaced Persons camps demonstrably reaffirmed this return to life and resignification of values. In the following decades, however, this demonstrated fertility was cast aside in favor of reparation politics. Though amenorrhea (cessation of women's menstrual cycles) was a common occurrence during wartime, the discourse around infertility became a symbolic way to articulate a range of claims about gendered, bodily damage stemming from Nazi persecution. Concerned with national indemnification and national repopulation, physicians in the formerly occupied countries leaned into new roles as political-medical actors in varying degrees and contexts. Between 1946-1951, physicians from marginalized identities and formerly occupied countries opposed those who had been affiliated with the Nazi party, claiming that amenorrhea was a war-related condition worthy of compensation. From 1952-1967, sympathetic physicians seeking to counter West German rejections linked amenorrhea with psychic trauma - the latter of which the government denied as grounds for reparations. The last group of studies, 1963-1978, stemming exclusively from Poland, demanded reparations for the Polish people - research that gradually dovetailed with Poland's modernization efforts of the 1970s. None of the studies pointed to any singular consensus. This article seeks to illuminate how points of contention in the history of German reparations were met by physicians whose role, by virtue of West German reparations processes, was charged politically and whose findings, by virtue of this political valence, took definitive stances.</p>","PeriodicalId":49998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negotiating gender ideologies and investing in teacher identities: The motivation and investment of EFL pre-service teachers","authors":"Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Ron Darvin","doi":"10.1016/j.system.2025.103669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.system.2025.103669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Second and foreign (L2) language teacher education research has examined the motivation of male and female pre-service teachers and their negotiation of a teacher identity, but little attention has been paid to how gender ideologies shape the way they invest in their gender and teacher identities within a teacher education program. Addressing this gap, this critical ethnography examines the investment of two pre-service teachers (one male, one female) over a 15-month period as they negotiated their gendered identities in a program that would certify them as English language teachers. Drawing on the notion of L2 investment that recognizes the interplay of identity, capital, and ideology, this study triangulates data collected from interviews, narratives, diaries, classroom observation, participant artifacts, and a research journal. Findings demonstrate how pre-service teachers may be highly motivated to learn and teach English, but patriarchal ideologies shaped their perceptions of their own legitimacy as EFL teachers in a teacher education program. The paper provides implications to all stakeholders involved in L2 teacher education and concludes with a call to take a gender responsive and responsible approach to pre-service teacher preparation and create gender inclusive spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48185,"journal":{"name":"System","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103669"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To write or not to write: the literary strategies of British civil engineers in the late eighteenth century.","authors":"Ellen Packham","doi":"10.1017/S0007087425000445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087425000445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the latter half of the eighteenth century, British civil engineers strove to enhance their status and assert the identity of their developing profession. Alongside associational and visual cultures, one means of achieving a sense of community was through the formation of a shared literary culture. As a profession notorious for what Torrens described as 'papyrophobia', it is perhaps surprising that many engineers, in this period, read widely and wrote extensively. John Smeaton (1724-92), for example, valued good authorship and experimented widely with literary form. James Brindley (1716-72), his contemporary, wrote sparingly, but nevertheless generated a literary strategy in support of his projects. Other engineers, such as John Phillips (fl. 1785-1813), made use of their engineering background and of engineering literature to create alternative careers. By exploring how mid- to late eighteenth-century engineers wrote, in order to persuade and to educate others as well as to publicize, record and defend their professional decisions, this paper will show how their reputations were dependent on literary constructions as much as on physical ones.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convulsions as a cause of infant death: New insights into its meaning based on evidence from four European cities (1800-1955).","authors":"Karin Wienholts, Mayra Murkens, Michail Raftakis, Michael Mühlichen","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2025.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2025.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the digitisation of historical data containing cause-of-death information has significantly increased. However, these data show considerable variations in diagnostic practices and nosology over time and place. Examining vague historical causes of death, often denoting symptoms rather than specific diseases, is a particular challenge. Infantile convulsions are an example of a common yet problematic cause of death. To improve our understanding of infantile convulsions, we propose an innovative mixed-methods, comparative approach. This study combines qualitative analyses of historical medical thinking on infantile convulsions with quantitative analyses of individual-level death records from four European cities: Amsterdam, Hermoupolis, Maastricht, and Rostock, covering different periods between 1800 and 1955. Our findings reveal that infant deaths attributed to convulsions encompass a multitude of causes from different disease categories. Significant differences emerged in the patterns of convulsions across time, age groups, and locations, even within the same country. The decline in convulsions mortality seems to be more related to the introduction of uniform registration regulations and systems, and advancements in medical knowledge than to the decline in overall infant mortality. This study's outcome serves as a cautionary note that challenges the prevailing attitude towards convulsions and emphasises the complexity of interpreting deaths from convulsions. These were highly dependent on historical context, especially local medical culture and the variable accuracy of cause-of-death registration. These findings have implications for studies on infant mortality even when the main interest of such studies is not convulsions mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}