人文科学最新文献

{"title":"Towards a Psychologically Realist, Culturally Responsive Approach to Engineering Ethics in Global Contexts.","authors":"Rockwell F Clancy, Qin Zhu, Scott Streiner, Andrea Gammon, Ryan Thorpe","doi":"10.1007/s11948-025-00536-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-025-00536-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper describes the motivations and some directions for bringing insights and methods from moral and cultural psychology to bear on how engineering ethics is conceived, taught, and assessed. Therefore, the audience for this paper is not only engineering ethics educators and researchers but also administrators and organizations concerned with ethical behaviors. Engineering ethics has typically been conceived and taught as a branch of professional and applied ethics with pedagogical aims, where students and practitioners learn about professional codes and/or Western ethical theories and then apply these resources to address issues presented in case studies about engineering and/or technology. As a result, accreditation and professional bodies have generally adopted ethical reasoning skills and/or moral knowledge as learning outcomes. However, this paper argues that such frameworks are psychologically \"irrealist\" and culturally biased: it is not clear that ethical judgments or behaviors are primarily the result of applying principles, or that ethical concerns captured in professional codes or Western ethical theories do or should reflect the engineering ethical concerns of global populations. Individuals from Western educated industrialized rich democratic cultures are outliers on various psychological and social constructs, including self-concepts, thought styles, and ethical concerns. However, engineering is more cross cultural and international than ever before, with engineers and technologies spanning multiple cultures and countries. For instance, different national regulations and cultural values can come into conflict while performing engineering work. Additionally, ethical judgments may also result from intuitions, closer to emotions than reflective thought, and behaviors can be affected by unconscious, social, and environmental factors. To address these issues, this paper surveys work in engineering ethics education and assessment to date, shortcomings within these approaches, and how insights and methods from moral and cultural psychology could be used to improve engineering ethics education and assessment, making them more culturally responsive and psychologically realist at the same time.</p>","PeriodicalId":49564,"journal":{"name":"Science and Engineering Ethics","volume":"31 2","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heretical microcosmogony in Paracelsus's <i>Astronomia Magna</i> (1537/8) and the anonymous <i>Astrologia Theologizata</i> (1617): Paracelsian anthropology in the light of Lutheran biblical hermeneutics.","authors":"Dane T Daniel, Charles D Gunnoe","doi":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2333935","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00033790.2024.2333935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study evaluates Paracelsus's and Paracelsian-Weigelian microcosmogonies, i.e. theories concerning the nature and creation of human beings, especially their biblical underpinnings, and particularly in the light of Luther's and Lutheran anthropological and biblical-exegetical stances. The Lutheran approach to the origin and components of human beings-as seen in Luther's early <i>Magnificat Commentary</i> and the <i>Genesis Commentary</i> of his late career-relied on such magisterial principles as adherence to <i>sola scriptura</i>, literal biblical exegesis, and the hermeneutical standard to 'let scripture interpret scripture,' whereas the Paracelsians, Weigelians, and Pseudo-Weigelians-in such works as Paracelus's <i>Astronomia Magna</i> (1537/38) and the anonymous <i>Astrologia Theologizata</i> (1617)-employed such extra-biblical concepts as 'sidereal bodies,' the 'light of nature,' and a microcosm-macrocosm theory based on an alchemical interpretation of the <i>limus terrae</i> of Genesis 2:7. Seventeenth-century Orthodox Lutherans, including Nikolaus Hunnius and Ehregott Daniel Colberg, castigated the 'heretical' in Paracelsus and the <i>Astrologia Theologizata</i>. The study also addresses the authorship of several texts entitled <i>Astrologia Theologizata</i> and speculates on reasons for the tracts' deviations from Paracelsus's views. The case study of Paracelsian-Weigelian microcosmogonies underscores the centuries-long staying power of some of Paracelsus's core theological concepts, which were both seconded by votaries and vituperatively criticized by opponents.</p>","PeriodicalId":8086,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Science","volume":" ","pages":"222-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Communicating biodiversity research on YouTube: An experimental comparison of scientists and third-party presenters.","authors":"Selina A Ruzi, Adrian A Smith, Nicole M Lee","doi":"10.1177/09636625241300646","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09636625241300646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Online videos are a popular medium for science communication. These videos can be presented from many perspectives, including scientists sharing their own work or a third-party presenting research findings. A mixed between- and within-subjects experiment (<i>n</i> = 620) was conducted in the United States to assess the impact of narrative perspective on the communication objectives of increasing knowledge, changing perceptions, and influencing behavior related to bee diversity. Results indicate that watching a video presented by a scientist was associated with higher levels of perceived competence and a higher likelihood to mention a person or persons when recalling the video. However, we did not find significant effects of narrative perspective on knowledge gain and behavioral intentions to help support bee diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48094,"journal":{"name":"Public Understanding of Science","volume":" ","pages":"380-398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143014149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy and response-time effects of structured input on the acquisition of English passive and active constructions: A self-paced reading study of native and non-native processing behaviours","authors":"Alessandro Benati","doi":"10.1177/13621688251329670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688251329670","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the relative online effects of structured-input practice on the acquisition of English passive and active sentences. The main purpose of this study is to compare native and non-native processing of English active and passive sentences. Non-native Chinese first language (L1) learners (26 participants) received structured-input instructional treatment on the target feature under investigation. After instruction, accuracy and response-time effects of the instructional efforts were measured using a self-paced reading test adopted to measure participant’s processing behaviours on passive and active verb forms. The native learners (17 participants) provided a baseline for comparisons. The main findings from this online study revealed that non-native participants were not statistically different, after receiving the structured-input treatment, from the native participants in terms of correctly processing sentences containing English active and passive constructions.","PeriodicalId":47852,"journal":{"name":"Language Teaching Research","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143757787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient autonomy in the context of digital health.","authors":"Salvador Tarodo Soria","doi":"10.1111/bioe.13410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital health opens the door to a promising horizon where the combination of several sciences and the application of new technologies can improve health, hope and quality of life. However, it is essential to ensure that such advances are compatible with and respectful of the right to privacy, data protection, right to information and freedom of choice, in short, with the autonomy of the human being in healthcare. The application of new technologies in healthcare settings generates considerably major ethical and legal challenges. This paper identifies some of the problems that could be more relevant, that is, the patient's consent in digital health, assessment of patient's capacity, how the implementation of new technologies changes the concept of medical intervention, the arrival of virtual identity or the legal responsibility of the parties acting herein. These are some of the questions that must be painstakingly analysed and correctly resolved to ensure that scientific and technological advances respect fundamentals rights in this new paradigm of digital health.</p>","PeriodicalId":55379,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioethics: Changing the World or Thinking About It?","authors":"Michael A Ashby","doi":"10.1007/s11673-025-10446-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-025-10446-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50252,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioethical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143755779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of \"Five No's for Publication\" on academic misconduct.","authors":"Hang Wang, Jian Guan","doi":"10.1080/08989621.2023.2279569","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08989621.2023.2279569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>China initiated the \"Five No's for Publication\" in December 2015 as a response to rising incidents of retraction. Use the number of retracted publications and their original publication time as proxies to investigate the effect of the Five No's policy on academic misconduct. We searched the Retraction Watch Database for research articles published by Chinese scholars from 1 March 2010 to 29 February 2020. The short- and long-term trends of the number of publications were presented by conducting an interrupted time series analysis in quarterly time units. Of 4,215 retracted papers with Chinese authors, 2,881 involving academic misconduct were identified. In the first quarter (12.01.2015-02.29.2016) after the implementation of the Five No's, an average reduction of 55.80 (<i>p</i> < 0.001) publications that involve academic misconduct was observed, although there was an increase in the trend of publications of 3.34 per quarter (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the long run (12.01.2015-02.29.2020), relative to the pre-intervention period (03.01.2010-11.30.2015). The validity of these results was further supported by three different robustness checks. China's government should strengthen enforcement, promote education, and improve the scientific evaluation system to consolidate the influence of the Five No's policy and foster an ethical research environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":50927,"journal":{"name":"Accountability in Research-Policies and Quality Assurance","volume":" ","pages":"299-317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The plurivocal university: Typologizing the diverse voices of a research university on social media.","authors":"Sophia Charlotte Volk, Daniel Vogler, Silke Fürst, Mike S Schäfer","doi":"10.1177/09636625241268700","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09636625241268700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Science communication has diversified in the wake of the digital transformation of communication and media ecosystems. Social media enable universities, but also academics and institutions affiliated with them, to expand their communication. This leads to increasing plurivocality of universities, yet the many different voices remain largely unexplored. This study develops a typology to conceptually distinguish eight voices by their representational role, hierarchical embeddedness, type, and affiliation. Based on a quantitative content and social network analysis of more than 600 Twitter accounts linked to a research university, it identifies six types of voices empirically. The study compares interactions among these voices, showing differences between central and decentral, as well as institutional and individual voices, and highlighting closer exchanges between voices within the same disciplinary communities. It also examines topics and tonality, revealing that decentral institutional voices engage most in science-related topics, and that only current and former students express critical views.</p>","PeriodicalId":48094,"journal":{"name":"Public Understanding of Science","volume":" ","pages":"270-290"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142037365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does the French press handle a controversial biotechnology? A psychosocial study of media coverage of human genome editing.","authors":"Thibaud Marmorat, Solveig Lelaurain, Yuri Sá Oliveira Sousa, Thémis Apostolidis","doi":"10.1177/09636625241286375","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09636625241286375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of techniques for the modification of the human genome gives rise to heterogeneous communications and representations and is a relevant object for studying the dissemination of scientific innovations within society. Situated within the framework of social representations theory, our study aims to investigate the thematic dimensions of the public debate-as occurring in the French press-on the edition of human embryos. We conducted a lexicometric study of 343 French press articles with a hierarchical descending classification analysis and a correspondence analysis. Results indicate an evolution in the media treatment of human genome editing, from a popularization perspective to a focus on ethical and legislative aspects of genome editing. This study attempts to shed light on the structure and dynamics of information and meanings associated with human genome editing by analyzing the context in which communications surrounding genetic editing are situated and produced.</p>","PeriodicalId":48094,"journal":{"name":"Public Understanding of Science","volume":" ","pages":"307-324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142781608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a trusted genomics repository: Identifying commercialisation fears and preferred forms of governance across segments of the community.","authors":"Brad Elphinstone, Jarrod Walshe, Dianne Nicol, Mark Taylor","doi":"10.1177/09636625241286369","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09636625241286369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A latent class analysis on a nationally representative Australian sample (<i>N</i> = 1000) identified four subgroups (i.e. classes), ranging from high to low concern about, and willingness to donate to, a national genomic repository under different forms of public and commercial management and access. The distribution of concerns and governance preferences across these classes was investigated. This added to previous research by indicating the degree to which extant concerns (e.g. corporate profiteering, discrimination by insurers) are held by different segments of the community. Based on the governance mechanisms that had widespread support across segments, the following recommendations are made to develop a trusted Australian genomic repository: the repository cannot be solely profit-driven; can utilise an access committee; protections (e.g. ensuring confidentiality of donors) may not require new legislation; data users cannot retain data for future research; the public should remain informed about the intended and/or actual benefits of research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48094,"journal":{"name":"Public Understanding of Science","volume":" ","pages":"325-343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142407022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}