人文科学最新文献

{"title":"The Hennepin Healthcare Forced Ketamine Studies, Excited Delirium, and Police Violence","authors":"Carl Elliott,&nbsp;Lauren Wilson","doi":"10.1002/hast.4985","DOIUrl":"10.1002/hast.4985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>In the summer of 2018, the</i> Minneapolis Star Tribune <i>reported clinical trials at Hennepin County Medical Center in which emergency medical personnel were injecting agitated individuals with ketamine, often at the urging of police. These individuals were enrolled in the trials without their knowledge or consent. In one of the studies, nearly 40 percent of subjects given ketamine experienced breathing issues so serious that they had to be intubated. Many subjects were members of vulnerable, marginalized groups. In this paper, we describe the ways in which the Hennepin Healthcare ketamine studies violated federal research guidelines. We consider the troubling relationship between Hennepin Healthcare and law enforcement, as well as the concept of</i> excited delirium. <i>Finally, we consider some alternative ways of conceptualizing clinical trials in which the intervention may not benefit subjects. We compare the ketamine trials to clinical trials of chemical restraints in nursing homes and other health care institutions and also to studies of “nonlethal” weapons</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":55073,"journal":{"name":"Hastings Center Report","volume":"55 5","pages":"29-40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hast.4985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145294385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Martin Davis: An Overview of his Work in Logic, Computer Science, and Philosophy","authors":"Liesbeth De Mol, Yuri V Matiyasevich, Eugenio G Omodeo, Alberto Policriti, Wilfried Sieg, Elaine J Weyuker","doi":"10.1093/philmat/nkaf016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/philmat/nkaf016","url":null,"abstract":"In his autobiographical essay written in 1999, ‘From logic to computer science and back’, Martin David Davis (1928 3 8–2023 1 1) indicated that he viewed himself as a logician and a computer scientist. He expanded the essay in 2016 and expressed a new perspective through a changed title, ‘My life as a logician’. He points out that logic was the unifying theme underlying his scientific career. Our paper attempts to provide a consistent vision that illuminates Davis’s successive contributions leading to his landmark writings on computability, unsolvable problems, automated reasoning, as well as the history and philosophy of computing.","PeriodicalId":49004,"journal":{"name":"Philosophia Mathematica","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: The Czech Refugee Trust Fund in Britain, 1938–1975: Lifeline to Freedom by Charmian Brinson and Jana Barbora Buresova BrinsonCharmianBuresovaJana Barbora, The Czech Refugee Trust Fund in Britain, 1938–1975: Lifeline to Freedom , Vallentine Mitchell: Elstree, 2025; 234 pp.; 17 illus.; 9781803710761, £45.00(hbk)","authors":"Merilyn Moos","doi":"10.1177/02656914251378001a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02656914251378001a","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44713,"journal":{"name":"European History Quarterly","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: A History of British Eugenics since 1865: From Francis Galton to Designer Babies by David Redvaldsen RedvaldsenDavid, A History of British Eugenics since 1865: From Francis Galton to Designer Babies , Palgrave Macmillan: Cham, 2024; 331 pp., 21 illus., 15 colour illus.; 9783031722899, £102.00(hbk)","authors":"Alexandra Barmpouti","doi":"10.1177/02656914251378001u","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02656914251378001u","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44713,"journal":{"name":"European History Quarterly","volume":"106 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: A Marvelous Solitude: The Art of Reading in Early Modern Europe by Lina Bolzoni BolzoniLina, A Marvelous Solitude: The Art of Reading in Early Modern Europe , Sylvia Greenup, trans., Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, 2023; 256 pp., 55 b/w illus.; 9780674660236, $33.95(hbk)","authors":"Morgan Golf-French","doi":"10.1177/02656914251378001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02656914251378001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44713,"journal":{"name":"European History Quarterly","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: French Globalization Projects by Matthias Middell, ed. MiddellMatthias, ed., French Globalization Projects , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: Göttingen, 2024; 589 pp.; 9783525302170, €150.00(hbk)","authors":"Edward Shawcross","doi":"10.1177/02656914251378001n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02656914251378001n","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44713,"journal":{"name":"European History Quarterly","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Roles for Clinical Ethicists to Provide Clarity and Guidance on Physician-Assisted Suicide/Euthanasia.","authors":"Katherine Drabiak","doi":"10.1111/bioe.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A minority of countries around the world have taken steps to legalize the practice of physician-assisted suicide and/or euthanasia (PAS/E). Proponents frame PAS/E as a means to enhance patient autonomy, reduce suffering, alleviate the burden of illness, and respect patient dignity. Critics of PAS/E, on the other hand, assert that it reflects a distortion of autonomy, mistakes the source of patient suffering, and dangerously affirms to people that their dignity and worth are contingent on not requiring burdensome caregiving. This has the potential to create uncertainty for how clinicians and institutions should provide ethical guidance to patients on morally controversial matters such as PAS/E. Although ethicists have a duty to explain the range of ethical arguments, they also have an obligation to reinforce ethical boundaries and provide decisive guidance when an intervention is irreconcilable with the practice of medicine. In their clinical role, ethicists can explain why PAS/E is not a healing act and why it violates the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence. This article outlines three roles for clinical ethicists to provide education, consultation, and develop policies designed to respond to patient suffering in a manner that preserves the integrity of medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":55379,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening ethics review of the development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in health research: a guide for research ethics committees in Uganda.","authors":"Sylvia Nabukenya, William Wasswa, Adelline Twimukye, Erisa S Mwaka","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01314-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01314-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze data in real-time and improve patients' diagnosis has led to a rapid growth of AI- health research in Uganda. Yet, there are no national guidelines on how to conduct AI-research in an ethical manner. Recent studies have reported that ethics committees lack resources, expertise and training to appropriately address the risks that may arise from AI health research. This study aimed to develop a guide for ethical review of the development of AI systems in health research in Uganda.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employed an exploratory qualitative approach between March - October 2024, involving 35 stakeholders in two public universities in Uganda. In-depth interviews were conducted with twelve members of ethics committees who had ever reviewed AI- protocols, six bioethicists, eight health researchers and nine members of AI-development teams. A thematic approach was used to interpret the results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six themes emerged from this data including promoting social value and equity; ensuring participants and end-user autonomy and safety; addressing data acquisition, access and sharing gaps; ensuring responsible data use and data minimization; promoting responsible AI and fostering collaborative partnerships. Respondents opined that AI holds promise for improving health research. However, its successful implementation demands ethical considerations to minimize harm to participants and end-users.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, respondents felt that developing a guide for ethics review of AI-research may minimize potential harms that could arise from using AI tools in research. We recommend training of ethics committees on key ethical considerations for development of responsible AI tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12529808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contextualizing Platform Dependence and Publisher Disentanglements in India","authors":"Simran Agarwal","doi":"10.1080/21670811.2025.2573072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2025.2573072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11166,"journal":{"name":"Digital Journalism","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145295363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ethics of simplification: balancing patient autonomy, comprehension, and accuracy in AI-generated radiology reports.","authors":"Hong-Seon Lee, Seung-Hyun Song, Chaeri Park, Jeongrok Seo, Won Hwa Kim, Jaeil Kim, Sungjun Kim, Kyunghwa Han, Young Han Lee","doi":"10.1186/s12910-025-01285-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12910-025-01285-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 are increasingly used to simplify radiology reports and improve patient comprehension. However, excessive simplification may undermine informed consent and autonomy by compromising clinical accuracy. This study investigates the ethical implications of readability thresholds in AI-generated radiology reports, identifying the minimum reading level at which clinical accuracy is preserved.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 500 computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging reports from a tertiary hospital. Each report was transformed into 17 versions (reading grade levels 1-17) using GPT-4 Turbo. Readability metrics and word counts were calculated for each version. Clinical accuracy was evaluated using radiologist assessments and PubMed-BERTScore. We identified the first grade level at which a statistically significant decline in accuracy occurred, determining the lowest level that preserved both accuracy and readability. We further assessed potential clinical consequences in reports simplified to the 7th-grade level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Readability scores showed strong correlation with prompted reading levels (r = 0.80-0.84). Accuracy remained stable across grades 13-11 but declined significantly below grade 11. At the 7th-grade level, 20% of reports contained inaccuracies with potential to alter patient management, primarily due to omission, incorrect conversion, or inappropriate generalization. The 11th-grade level emerged as the current lower bound for preserving accuracy in LLM-generated radiology reports.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings highlight an ethical tension between improving readability and maintaining clinical accuracy. While 7th-grade readability remains an ethical ideal, current AI tools cannot reliably produce accurate reports below the 11th-grade level. Ethical implementation of AI-generated reporting should include layered communication strategies and model transparency to safeguard patient autonomy and comprehension.</p>","PeriodicalId":55348,"journal":{"name":"BMC Medical Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"136"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12523008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}