BioethicsPub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1111/bioe.13383
Julian W. März, Daniel Messelken, Nikola Biller-Andorno
{"title":"Bioethics challenges in times of war","authors":"Julian W. März, Daniel Messelken, Nikola Biller-Andorno","doi":"10.1111/bioe.13383","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bioe.13383","url":null,"abstract":"<p>According to data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), the past 3 years have witnessed the highest number of deaths in armed conflicts since 1994, the year of the Rwandan genocide. Between 2021 and 2023, the UCDP recorded more than 700,000 deaths in armed conflicts, with over 320,000 in Ethiopia, more than 160,000 in Ukraine, over 44,000 in Mexico, more than 40,000 in Afghanistan, and over 32,000 in Syria.2 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates that more than 120 million people worldwide have been forcibly displaced by the end of April 2024.3</p><p>This special issue seeks to provide a broad perspective on the ethical and human rights challenges faced by healthcare providers and policymakers in the context of, or as a consequence of, armed conflict. Since we launched the first call for contributions to this special issue in June 2022, sadly, more armed conflicts have started, including the Israel–Hamas and Israel–Hezbollah wars,4 a civil war in Sudan, and a new escalation of the Nagorno–Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan.</p><p>For this special issue, we have selected contributions that provide theoretical reflections on (bio-)ethical and human rights challenges in the context of war, as well as discussions of ethical and human rights issues in specific armed conflicts. We have aimed to achieve a collection of diverse voices and perspectives and to include contributions from various world regions and different academic and professional backgrounds. Our special issue does not aim to provide a definitive or comprehensive analysis of currently occurring armed conflicts, nor does it claim to cover all ethical and human rights issues in the context of armed conflicts. Such ambitious objectives would be beyond the scope of even a much more substantial publication. Rather, we view this special issue as an explorative work that intends to motivate a broader academic community to engage with the field of bioethics in armed conflict. Indeed, there is great need for a plurality of voices united in the endeavor of contributing to an inclusive global discourse on the ethical and human rights challenges of armed conflicts.</p><p>Ethics and human rights can fulfill various roles in the context of armed conflicts: analyst, arbiter, mediator, documenter, and a voice for those suffering from the consequences. In all these functions, empathy as well as evidence-based, transparent reasoning play a key role. Furthermore, ethical analysis contributes to the formulation of novel standards of international humanitarian law, which may be required in response to evolving practices in warfare. It is also pertinent to note that, according to the Geneva Conventions, medical personnel operating in the context of international armed conflicts are bound by the principles of medical ethics. Nevertheless, research on medical ethics in armed conflict remains a niche subject, with only a few specialized research centers around the wo","PeriodicalId":55379,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics","volume":"39 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bioe.13383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vocabulary trajectories in German-speaking children from 18 months to three years: a growth mixture model","authors":"Eveline Pinstock, Satyam Antonio Schramm","doi":"10.1017/s0305000924000503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0305000924000503","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Children acquire vocabulary at different growth rates. The aim of this study was to identify subgroups of different vocabulary trajectories in a community sample of L1 German-speaking children aged 1;6 to 3;0 to enlarge the understanding of vocabulary trajectories. Parents filled out vocabulary checklists at four measurement times, each six months apart. Growth mixture modelling was used to naturally determine latent classes of observed vocabulary growth curve patterns. Six distinct trajectories of vocabulary growth were identified and characterised. Children’s (<span>N</span>=198) vocabulary abilities were divided into the following subgroups: “far above average” (2.0%), “above average” (6.6%), “typical” (70.2%), “below average” (14.1%), “early below average\" but caught up with their peers over time (5.6%), and “far below average” (1.5%). Socioeconomic status differed significantly between subgroups.</p>","PeriodicalId":48132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child Language","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142849094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Essay review: the fictive history of Victorian science and empire.","authors":"Jacob Steere-Williams","doi":"10.1017/S0007087424001249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087424001249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1820 two French scientists - Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Jean Bienaimé Caventou - discovered and named the active alkaloid substance extracted from cinchona bark: quinine. The bark from the 'wondrous' fever tree, and its antimalarial properties, however, had long been known to both colonial scientists and indigenous Peruvians. From the mid-seventeenth century, cinchona bark, taken from trees that grow on the eastern slopes of the Andes, was part of a global circulation of botanical knowledge, practice and profit. By the 1850s, Europeans eager to bypass South American trade routes to access cinchona plants established plantations across the global South in French Algeria, Dutch Java and British India. Wardian cases - plant terrariums named after British physician Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward - would fuel new imperial efforts to curb malaria, contemporaries argued. And yet cinchona trees proved difficult to transport over land and sea, and did not easily or universally thrive in new tropical climates. As a result of the growing demand and uncertainty around cinchona, as Pratik Chakrabarti has argued, from the late eighteenth century there was 'a global scientific obsession' with finding a 'substitute' for cinchona, particularly local alternatives in India and China.</p>","PeriodicalId":46655,"journal":{"name":"British Journal for the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142855877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TikTok and the algorithmic transformation of social media publics: From social networks to social interest clusters","authors":"Paolo Gerbaudo","doi":"10.1177/14614448241304106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241304106","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of TikTok has sparked a debate on the consequences of algorithmic content curation for social experience. My thesis is that TikTok represents a second generation of social media, which differs from first-generation social media in the way users are exposed to content. While first-generation social media revolved around ‘networked publics’ formed by explicit interpersonal connections, second-generation social media introduces ‘clustered publics’. These are statistically constructed ‘neighbourhoods’ of users, in which people are brought together based on their past online behaviour and their similarity in interest and taste. Clustering users around shared interests has proven very effective in driving online engagement, leading other platforms to mimic TikTok, in what can be described as ‘TikTokification’. However, this transformation of online publics carries a series of problematic implications: the depersonalisation of online experience; a growing opacity of the structures of online communication; and the further subcultural fragmentation of an already divided digital public sphere.","PeriodicalId":19149,"journal":{"name":"New Media & Society","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nextdoor use and support for aggressive policing","authors":"Toby Hopp, Pat Ferrucci, Hunter Reeves","doi":"10.1177/14614448241303114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241303114","url":null,"abstract":"This study developed and tested a model interrelating Nextdoor use and support for aggressive policing. The results of an online survey ( n=1806) suggested that Nextdoor use is positively associated with crime concern; that crime concern is positively associated with support for aggressive policing; and that Nextdoor use is both indirectly and directly associated with support for aggressive policing. The results also indicated that social trust may play a complex role in the relationship between Nextdoor use and support for aggressive policing.","PeriodicalId":19149,"journal":{"name":"New Media & Society","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Afropolitan Influence: Gender, Comedy, and Social Media in Global Africa","authors":"Robin K. Crigler","doi":"10.1177/20563051241308330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241308330","url":null,"abstract":"Gender and humor have always been intimately related. In many societies, comedy is traditionally understood as a masculine pursuit, and women’s existence in comedic spaces has been subject to intense scrutiny by male commentators. Africa’s burgeoning stand-up comedy scene is an important site of contestation in this regard, but in recent years social media has afforded opportunities for African women to bypass traditional industry gatekeepers. In online spaces like Instagram, TikTok, and X (Twitter), African women creators have built massive audiences that cross national and continental boundaries. In this project, I draw on interviews with three prominent female comedy creators—Stella Dlangalala, Thenjiwe Mosely, and Beverly Adaeze—and use their work to shed light on how female comedians negotiate their position(s) in digital spaces rooted in Nigeria, South Africa, the United States, the United Kingdom, and beyond. While social media affords autonomy to performers, success as a comedian-influencer demands more from women than jokes. Feminism, Afropolitanism, and commodification intertwine in the stories of these performers. The gendered body, viewed through the lens of parasocial intimacy that short-form video facilitates, emerges as a site of great significance. In addition, I argue for greater critical attention to what I call “algorithmic mystery”—the influence of opaque social media algorithms in promoting, maintaining, and severing digital connections.","PeriodicalId":47920,"journal":{"name":"Social Media + Society","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hippocratic Beneficence: The Ethical Grounding of Remedial Germline Editing.","authors":"Eli Y Adashi, I Glenn Cohen","doi":"10.1080/15265161.2024.2441720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2024.2441720","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50962,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Bioethics","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":17.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"#BookTok’s Peer Pedagogies: Invitations to Learn About Books and Reading on TikTok","authors":"Michael Dezuanni, Amy Schoonens","doi":"10.1177/20563051241309499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241309499","url":null,"abstract":"This article extends the idea of media pedagogies to consider how TikTok provides a site of social learning about books and reading. It uses the concept of “peer pedagogies” to identify how the #BookTok hashtag is used to invite book and reading enthusiasts to take up learning positions. The article uses an exploratory approach to identify contrasting videos in which learning about books and reading is made available, and it undertakes an in-depth content and semiotic analysis of three videos to consider how learning is framed in different ways. The article is informed by Bernstein’s theorization of pedagogical classification and framing, which relates to how knowledge and skills are institutionally defined, and how knowledge is made available along a continuum of greater and less formality. This approach enables a consideration of the learning positions available to members of the #BookTok community as they engage with the videos. The article shows how #BookTok creators make deliberate creative and pedagogical choices to use TikTok’s affordances to share knowledge and skills as a form of public media pedagogy and service to the #BookTok community. In addition, it argues that the sharing of knowledge and skills between people who share a passion and interest in books and reading contributes to the videos’ popularity and success.","PeriodicalId":47920,"journal":{"name":"Social Media + Society","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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