Melanoma ManagementPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1080/20450885.2025.2461963
Sarah Alsadiq, Adi Kartolo, Elaine McWhirter, Wilma Hopman, Tara Baetz
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of adjuvant systemic therapies in trial non-eligible resected stages III and IV melanoma patients.","authors":"Sarah Alsadiq, Adi Kartolo, Elaine McWhirter, Wilma Hopman, Tara Baetz","doi":"10.1080/20450885.2025.2461963","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20450885.2025.2461963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adjuvant immunotherapy and targeted therapy are now the standard of care for patients with resected stage IIIA-IV melanoma. However, little is known regarding its efficacy in real-world patients who were not represented in these landmark trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included all patients with resected stage IIIA-IV melanoma who received adjuvant systemic therapy between January 1 2018 and December 31 2020, in two Canadian academic cancer. Primary outcome was the proportion of trial non-eligible patients in the real-world setting. Survival and safety analyses were also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the total 113 patient, 99 (88%) were trial non-eligible patients. Most common reasons for trial non-eligible criteria was having no baseline CLND (72%), followed by outside of treatment window >12 weeks (30%), stage IIIA (14%), unknown primary (9%), stage IV (14%), and baseline AD on immunosuppressants (3%). There were no significant RFS (P = 0.731) or OS (P = 0.110) differences in the overall population of trial eligible vs. non-eligible. Safety profiles were similar between the trial eligible vs. non-eligible groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study suggested a high proportion of real-world patients would have been deemed non-eligible for clinical trials. Regardless, adjuvant systemic therapy delivered similar survival and toxicity outcomes in both groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":44562,"journal":{"name":"Melanoma Management","volume":"12 1","pages":"2461963"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11834428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future Science OAPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1080/20565623.2025.2463852
Yuehong Wu, Yixia Zhu, Shun Zheng, Ding Mingxing
{"title":"Resveratrol alleviates depressive-like behavior via the activation of SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.","authors":"Yuehong Wu, Yixia Zhu, Shun Zheng, Ding Mingxing","doi":"10.1080/20565623.2025.2463852","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20565623.2025.2463852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Currently, the pathogenesis of depression remains poorly understood, leading to many patients receiving ineffective treatment. Resveratrol has demonstrated beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of depression. However, it remains unknown whether resveratrol administration can counteract depression-like behaviors by regulating the SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway.</p><p><strong>Methodology/principal findings: </strong>Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to a control group, a depression group, and a resveratrol group. The depression model was established using chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 5 weeks. Behavioral tests were conducted to assess depressive-like behaviors. The expression levels of SIRT1 and NF-κB in the hippocampus of mice and BV2 microglial cells were measured. After 5 weeks of modeling, the results indicated that mice in the depression group exhibited significant depressive-like behaviors and inhibited activation of the SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway. In contrast, resveratrol administration effectively reversed these changes. Results from in vitro experiments showed that LPS stimulation increased microglial activity and downregulated the SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia; however, resveratrol treatment mitigated these effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions/significance: </strong>Our findings suggested that resveratrol can alleviate CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors via the activation of the Sirt1/NF-κB pathway in microglia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12568,"journal":{"name":"Future Science OA","volume":"11 1","pages":"2463852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143448864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiago Torres, Sofia Magina, Maria João Paiva Lopes
{"title":"Portuguese consensus on first line treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis with a non-TNF inhibitor therapy - a delphi methodology.","authors":"Tiago Torres, Sofia Magina, Maria João Paiva Lopes","doi":"10.1080/09546634.2025.2453601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2025.2453601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Psoriasis (PsO) is a common chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated disease. In 2023, a 4.4% prevalence of PsO was reported in Portugal. Currently, Tumor Necrosis Factor inhibitors (TNFi) are the recommended first-line (1 L) biologic agents in Portugal given their lower cost. However, TNFi may not be suitable for several patients. In these patients, interleukin inhibitors (ILi) should be considered as they provide more effective outcomes and a better safety profile.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Qualitative interviews with PsO experts were conducted to identify PsO biologic treatment needs, resulting in an online survey to explore clinical cases focused on subpopulations of PsO. A delphi study evaluated consensus on clinical criteria to initiate non-TNFi therapy in seven predefined subpopulations of patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study highlights the benefit of starting non-TNFi therapy in all PsO predefined subpopulations. Patients with infection risk, mild heart failure and associated comorbidities, autoimmune diseases and family history of demyelinating disease consensually benefit from starting non-TNFi therapy in 1 L. Several risks associated with latent tuberculosis, advanced age and oncological disease were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the existence of various risks associated with TNFi usage, this clinical perspective overview of Portuguese experts in PsO treatment emphasizes the need for a tailored therapeutic framework in the management of PsO.</p>","PeriodicalId":94235,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of dermatological treatment","volume":"36 1","pages":"2453601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of cisplatin in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment and its combination therapy strategies: a new approach to enhance anti-tumor efficacy.","authors":"Guandu Li, Xiangyu Che, Shijin Wang, Dequan Liu, Deqian Xie, Bowen Jiang, Zunwen Zheng, Xu Zheng, Guangzhen Wu","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2024.2447403","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07853890.2024.2447403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug that is frequently used to treat multiple tumors. The anti-tumor effect of cisplatin is closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which includes several immune cell types, such as the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), dendritic cells (DCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and natural killer (NK) cells. The interaction between these immune cells can promote tumor survival and chemoresistance, and decrease the efficacy of cisplatin monotherapy. Therefore, various combination treatment strategies have been devised to enhance patient responsiveness to cisplatin therapy. Cisplatin can augment anti-tumor immune responses in combination with immune checkpoint blockers (such as PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA4 inhibitors), lipid metabolism disruptors (like FASN inhibitors and SCD inhibitors) and nanoparticles (NPs), resulting in better outcomes. Exploring the interaction between cisplatin and the TIME will help identify potential therapeutic targets for improving the treatment outcomes in cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":93874,"journal":{"name":"Annals of medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":"2447403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11705547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142934011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of medicinePub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2447407
Ziyue Wang, Jiacheng Li, Qianqian Kong, Hao Yan, Yi Zhang, Xirui Zhou, Zhiyuan Yu, Hao Huang, Xiang Luo
{"title":"Endovascular therapy versus best medical care for acute ischemic stroke with distal medium vessel occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ziyue Wang, Jiacheng Li, Qianqian Kong, Hao Yan, Yi Zhang, Xirui Zhou, Zhiyuan Yu, Hao Huang, Xiang Luo","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2024.2447407","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07853890.2024.2447407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With the refinement of catheter technology, distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs) are now viewed as amenable to endovascular treatment (EVT) but its efficacy and safety remains unclear in AIS patients with DMVO.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase databases and Cochrane Library up to December 2023 using keywords to identify studies comparing EVT versus BMT in AIS with DMVOs. The assessed clinical outcomes were excellent functional outcome, good functional outcome, 90-day mortality, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and early neurological improvement (ENI) after treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 31 studies were included. There were no significant differences in excellent functional outcome (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.99-1.47), good functional outcome (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.82-1.30) and 90-day mortality (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.84-1.62). Additionally, EVT led to higher sICH (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.09-2.47) and better ENI (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.02-2.19) compared to BMT. In individuals with M2 occlusion receiving EVT showed better excellent functional outcomes (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.07-2.03). Those patients with PCA occlusion showed no significant difference in functional outcomes. In individuals with ACA occlusion, EVT resulted in reduced functional independence (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31-0.98). For NIHSS < 6, BMT achieved better functional independence compared to EVT (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51-0.98) and EVT showed higher sICH (OR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.42-8.31).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For patients with AIS and DMVO occlusion, EVT fails to improve functional prognosis while increasing sICH incidence. More randomized controlled trials are needed in the future to confirm these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":93874,"journal":{"name":"Annals of medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":"2447407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142924074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of medicinePub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2451183
Xuan Rao, Yue-Han Wang, Rui-Zhe Chen, Qian-Qian Wu, Xiao-Fei Zhang, Yun-Feng Fu, Xin-Yu Wang, Xiao Li
{"title":"Risk-based triage strategy by extended HPV genotyping for women with ASC-US cytology.","authors":"Xuan Rao, Yue-Han Wang, Rui-Zhe Chen, Qian-Qian Wu, Xiao-Fei Zhang, Yun-Feng Fu, Xin-Yu Wang, Xiao Li","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2025.2451183","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07853890.2025.2451183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We attempted to evaluate the immediate high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion-cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 or worse (HSIL-CIN2+/3+, hereafter referred to as CIN2+/3+) risk of specific human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype and form the precise risk-based triage strategy for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The clinical data of ASC-US women who underwent HPV genotyping testing and colposcopy were retrospectively reviewed. The distribution and CIN2+/3+ risks of specific HPV genotype were assessed by three approaches. The risk-based triage strategy was further established, and its efficacy in detecting CIN2+/3+ was estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally, 5553 ASC-US women including 3648 HPV-positive and 1905 HPV-negative were analysed. CIN2+/3+ were 662/319 cases, including 639/306 HPV-positive and 23/13 HPV-negative women. HPV16, HPV52, HPV58 and HPV18 were always among the top 5 ranking genotypes, no matter in HPV-positive women or in HPV-positive CIN2+/3+ cases. HPV16 and HPV33 carried the highest risk, while HPV73 and 26 carried the least risk for CIN2+/3+. Based on the immediate CIN2+/3+ risk of specific HPV genotype, 18 HPVs were divided into three risk-stratified groups. Only women infected with HPVs included in group A were necessary for immediate colposcopy. Compared with conventional strategy, this new risk-based strategy not only had higher specificity (CIN2+: <i>p</i> = .00; CIN3+: <i>p</i> = .01) and positive predictive value (CIN2+: <i>p</i> = .00; CIN3+: <i>p</i> = .03) for detecting CIN2+/3+, but also needed fewer colposcopies to identify each CIN2+/3+.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A new triage strategy for ASC-US women was successfully constructed based on CIN2+/3+ risks of 14 high-risk and 4 intermediate-risk HPVs, which could significantly reduce unnecessary colposcopies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93874,"journal":{"name":"Annals of medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":"2451183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11749152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143017764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of medicinePub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2453076
Carlos Jiménez-Romero, Agustín de Juan Lerma, Alberto Marcacuzco Quinto, Oscar Caso Maestro, Laura Alonso Murillo, Paula Rioja Conde, Iago Justo Alonso
{"title":"Risk factors for delayed gastric emptying after pancreatoduodenectomy: a 10-year retrospective study.","authors":"Carlos Jiménez-Romero, Agustín de Juan Lerma, Alberto Marcacuzco Quinto, Oscar Caso Maestro, Laura Alonso Murillo, Paula Rioja Conde, Iago Justo Alonso","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2025.2453076","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07853890.2025.2453076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is a frequent complication of pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and is associated with prolonged hospital stay, readmission, increased hospital costs and decreased quality of life. However, the pathophysiology of DGE remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent PD for pancreatic or periampullary tumours. All these patients were operated between January 2012 and February 2023. The patients were divided into four groups according to the development of DGE after PD: No DGE, DGE grade A, DGE grade B and DGE grade C. The groups were compared in terms of outcomes and complications. We also analysed the preoperative and perioperative risk factors for DGE development.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between January 2012 and February 2023, a total of 250 patients underwent PD. These patients were divided into four groups: No DGE (<i>n</i> = 152); DGE grade A (<i>n</i> = 42); DGE grade B (<i>n</i> = 45); and DGE grade C (<i>n</i> = 11). The incidence of the postoperative pancreatic fistulas (POPFs) grade B/C was significantly higher in the DGE grade C group (<i>p</i> < .001), and the rates of post-pancreatectomy haemorrhage (<i>p</i> = .004) and reoperation (<i>p</i> < .001) were significantly higher in the DGE grade B/C groups. A significantly higher rate of grade III-IV Clavien-Dindo complications (<i>p</i> < .001), longer intensive care unit (<i>p</i> < .001) and longer hospital stays (<i>p</i> < .001) were observed in the DGE grade C group; and 90-day mortality (<i>p</i> < .001) and morbidity (<i>p</i> < .001) were significantly higher in the DGE grade B/C groups. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the POPF grade B/C was a risk factor of DGE grade B/C (OR: 9.147; 95%CI: 4.125-20.281; <i>p</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>POPF B/C is a risk factor for grade B/C DGE. Prevention of surgical complications and early treatment could contribute to the decreased incidence of DGE.</p>","PeriodicalId":93874,"journal":{"name":"Annals of medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":"2453076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11740295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143017803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TWEAK/Fn14 axis may promote vascular smooth muscle cell senescence via p38 signaling pathway: preliminary evidence.","authors":"Chunyang Wei, Xiaoying Liu, Zhuang Miao, Hua Zhang, Yanfu Wang, Guoxian Qi","doi":"10.1080/20565623.2025.2455906","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20565623.2025.2455906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its functional receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), on the process of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rat arterial VSMCs were cultured with angiotensin II to establish a model of premature senescence. The effects of TWEAK and Fn14 on senescent VSMCs were evaluated. Additionally, the role of p38 phosphorylation pathway in the effect of TWEAK on VSMCs senescence was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Expressions of TWEAK and Fn14 were significantly elevated in senescent VSMCs. TWEAK activated the p38 phosphorylation pathway and promoted the SA-β-gal staining and P53 expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These preliminary findings suggest that the TWEAK/Fn14 axis may play a crucial role in promoting VSMC senescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12568,"journal":{"name":"Future Science OA","volume":"11 1","pages":"2455906"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11756581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143003874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use magnified images to help define the boundaries of melanonychia in surgery.","authors":"Simin He, Siliang Xue","doi":"10.1080/09546634.2025.2459153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2025.2459153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diagnoses of longitudinal melanonychia (LM) may be nail matrix nevus, etc. During excision, factors like small/pale lesions make it hard to define the boundary. Head - mounted magnifiers have limited magnification and intraoperative dermatoscopes are often unavailable. We used a DSLR camera to take and magnify pictures. First estimate the incision, then adjust. This method is recommended for doctors without intraoperative dermatoscopes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94235,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of dermatological treatment","volume":"36 1","pages":"2459153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143082707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annals of medicinePub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2451762
Jun Xia, Tan Liu, Rui Wan, Jing Zhang, Quanzhu Fu
{"title":"Global burden and trends of the <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection-associated diseases from 1990 to 2021: an observational trend study.","authors":"Jun Xia, Tan Liu, Rui Wan, Jing Zhang, Quanzhu Fu","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2025.2451762","DOIUrl":"10.1080/07853890.2025.2451762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study was aimed to explore the global burden and trends of Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) associated diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data for this study were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The burden of CDI was assessed using the age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life years (ASR-DALYs) and deaths (ASDRs). Trends in the burden of CDI were presented using average annual percentage changes (AAPCs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ASR-DALYs for CDI increased from 1.83 (95% UI: 1.53-2.18) per 100,000 in 1990 to 3.46 (95% UI: 3.04-3.96) per 100,000 in 2021, with an AAPC of 2.03% (95% CI: 1.67-2.4%). The ASDRs for CDI rose from 0.10 (95% UI: 0.08-0.11) per 100,000 in 1990 to 0.19 (95% UI: 0.16-0.23) per 100,000 in 2021, with an AAPC of 2.26% (95% CI: 1.74-2.79%). In 2021, higher burdens of ASR-DALYs (10.7 per 100,000) and ASDRs (0.53 per 100,000) were observed in high socio-demographic index (SDI) areas, and among age group over 70 years (31.62/100,000 for ASR-DALYs and 2.45/100,000 for ASDRs). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the global ASR-DALYs and ASDRs slightly decreased. However, in regions with low SDI, low-middle and middle SDI, those rates slightly increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The global burden of CDI has significantly increased, particularly in regions with high SDI and among individuals aged 70 years and above. During the COVID-19 pandemic period from 2020 to 2021, the burden of CDI further increased in regions with low, low-middle, and middle SDI. These findings underscore the need for increased attention and intervention, especially in specific countries and populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":93874,"journal":{"name":"Annals of medicine","volume":"57 1","pages":"2451762"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11758798/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}