其他最新文献

{"title":"Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide: role in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea.","authors":"Antonio Fabozzi, Pasquale Tondo, Caterina Antonaglia, Alessia Steffanina, Donato Lacedonia, Marco Confalonieri, Matteo Bonini, Paolo Palange","doi":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-25-00224","DOIUrl":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-25-00224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obstructive sleep apnea is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder with recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep, leading to cyclic blood gas fluctuations. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide play a crucial role in the pathophysiology. This narrative review aims to explore the role of gases in obstructive sleep apnea pathophysiology, focusing on the molecular pathways and effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia, intermittent hypercapnia, and nitric oxide dysregulation. Chronic intermittent hypoxia stimulates molecular pathways such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and inflammatory cascades such as nuclear factor kappa B, leading to oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic overactivation. Intermittent hypercapnia impacts on chemoreflex sensitivity, ventilatory instability, and autonomic function, with emerging evidence of both pathogenic and potentially beneficial effects. Nitric oxide, which modulates airway tone, vascular reactivity, and immune control, presents a reduced bioavailability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. These three gas mediators contribute to the complex pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea and underlie the long-term cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive risks of obstructive sleep apnea. Appropriately prioritizing the relationship between these gases and the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea contributes to a new understanding of the disease and new treatment approaches in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":18559,"journal":{"name":"Medical Gas Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"285-300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Efficient and Generalizable Text Dataset Distillation via a Dual-Agent Large Language Model Framework.","authors":"Junhai Zhou, Zhongfeng Wang, Meiqi Wang","doi":"10.1142/S0129065727500031","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S0129065727500031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Large-scale datasets impose substantial training costs on machine learning models. Dataset distillation addresses this issue by synthesizing compact datasets that can achieve performance comparable to that of the original data. However, text dataset distillation remains challenging: the discrete nature of text renders traditional gradient-matching methods ineffective, while embedding optimization approaches are often inefficient and exhibit limited generalization. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an LLM-native distillation framework based on dual-agent collaboration. Our framework decomposes the distillation process into two stages: selection and improvement. The Selector identifies high-quality samples through multi-dimensional scoring, while the Improver enhances data density and clarity under semantic consistency constraints and a candidate generation mechanism. The entire pipeline is automated through a self-iterative cycle of generation and selection, and leverages scoring signals to drive agent self-reward iteration, thereby avoiding differentiable optimization and trajectory matching. Experiments show that starting from a random subsampling, using only 2.5% of original data and only three iterations, the distilled dataset enables Llama-2-7B, Mistral-7B, and Qwen2.5-7B to match full-dataset performance on MMLU and Winogrande. It also improves training stability, convergence efficiency, and cross-model generalization, especially among architecturally similar models, while maintaining a competitive distillation cost of 143 GPU h. Overall, this study provides a practical solution for efficient, automated, and general-purpose text dataset distillation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94052,"journal":{"name":"International journal of neural systems","volume":" ","pages":"2750003"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148458170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA-Protein Complexes and Their Role in Cell Fate.","authors":"Kaito Masaki, Malvin Leonardo Pardi, Hirohide Saito","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00018.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1152/physiol.00018.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA-protein interaction forms an important part of gene expression control in the form of posttranscriptional regulation. It affects key cellular processes, including cell fate-determining events such as self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells, stress response, and senescence. In this review, we present a discussion of RNA-protein complexes as a biological continuum between the two ends of traditional, defined stoichiometric assemblies such as ribosomes, spliceosomes, and microRNA-induced silencing complexes (miRISCs) and nonstoichiometric biomolecular condensates such as stress granules, processing bodies, and germ granules and how the two ends of the spectrum are connected through RNA-protein interactions and RNA modification. We also present how abnormalities in these processes lead to the development of pathological conditions. Finally, we touch upon the remaining unresolved questions in the field, as well as novel experimental approaches to address these questions, which may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities.</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148341538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic gases and the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway: direct thiol modification vs . indirect modulation.","authors":"Te Xiao, Chao Xia, Lisha Huang, Yanqi Li, Mengyu Liu, Pengxiang Zhao, Xuemei Ma, Fei Xie","doi":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-26-00086","DOIUrl":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-26-00086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like Ech-associated protein 1 (Nrf2/Keap1) pathway is a central homeostatic module that integrates oxidant, electrophilic, inflammatory, and metabolic signals into adaptive transcriptional programs. In parallel, nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) have emerged as therapeutically relevant gaseous mediators with distinct chemical identities, tissue distribution profiles, and pharmacological constraints. This review re-examines these gases through a single organizing question: how can highly dissimilar small molecules converge on the same redox-defense hub? We compare the direct cysteine chemistry of NO and H 2 S with the mainly indirect actions proposed for H 2 , and we use the Nrf2/Keap1 axis as the mechanistic backbone for that comparison. NO and H 2 S are best understood as redox-active signaling gases capable of covalent protein modification, whereas H 2 appears to act largely by reshaping upstream oxidative events, mitochondrial electron leakage, membrane lipid oxidation products, and stress-responsive signaling states. Despite these differences, all three gases can feed into overlapping kinase pathways, mitochondrial quality-control networks, and cytoprotective gene programs. A second goal of this review is to move beyond single-gas narratives. We discuss the extent to which gas-gas crosstalk, especially between NO and H 2 S and the buffering role proposed for H 2 under severe oxidative stress, may create systems-level convergence rather than simple additive antioxidant effects. We argue that the most productive conceptual model is not \"one gas, one target\", but a context-dependent gas signaling network centered on Nrf2/Keap1, mitochondrial adaptation, and thiol chemistry. Finally, we assess the translational implications of this framework across ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegeneration, metabolic disease, and aging. We highlight the practical constraints that still limit clinical implementation, including dose windows, burst release, tissue targeting, biomarker selection, and the difficulty of tracking reversible cysteine modifications in vivo . By placing NO, H 2 S, and H 2 into one comparative redox framework, this review aims to clarify what is established, what remains inferential, and where future combination strategies may realistically emerge.</p>","PeriodicalId":18559,"journal":{"name":"Medical Gas Research","volume":" ","pages":"261-267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148819101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas signaling molecule: a new research focus in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.","authors":"Xiaowei Dai, Zhenhuan Zhou","doi":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-25-00333","DOIUrl":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-25-00333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gas signaling molecules, including nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide, have recently gained attention in erectile dysfunction treatment research because of their roles in regulating blood vessel function, reducing oxidative stress, and protecting nerves and other cells. This article reviews how nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide are involved in the development of erectile dysfunction and their potential as treatments. The review focuses on how these gases improve blood vessel function, relax smooth muscles, repair nerve function, and reduce tissue scarring. Current research shows that methods of gas delivery, especially those using nanocarriers or prodrugs, greatly increase how well these gases are absorbed and where they act in the body. Early animal studies and initial clinical trials support the effectiveness of these gasotransmitters in treating various causes of erectile dysfunction, including diabetes, aging, and nerve damage. Although challenges remain in controlling the speed of delivery, determining the appropriate dosage, and tailoring treatment to individual patients, there is reason for optimism. The development of responsive delivery systems, combinations of multiple gases, and additional therapies for difficult cases suggests that gas signaling molecules could transform erectile dysfunction treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":18559,"journal":{"name":"Medical Gas Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"197-210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of medical gases in prevention and treatment of electromagnetic radiation injury.","authors":"Yun Xing, Fengxu Chen, Gonggeng Liu, Shijun Bao, Xujian Zhang, Ziyi Guo, Zhaoyong Shou, Jiaming Guo","doi":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-26-00051","DOIUrl":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-26-00051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread proliferation of electromagnetic technologies in communications, healthcare, and daily life poses increasing risks of radiation-induced tissue injury. Mitigating these deleterious effects remains a formidable challenge. Recently, medical gases, including molecular hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hyperbaric oxygen, have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality with radioprotective potential. These gases exert their effects through integrated, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and mitochondrial-protective mechanisms. Specifically, the endogenous gasotransmitters (CO, NO, and H2S) modulate precise signaling networks, while the exogenous interventions (H2, and hyperbaric oxygen) function primarily through direct radical scavenging or the induction of hormetic stress responses. This review evaluates the research progress of these five medical gases in preventing and treating injuries across the electromagnetic spectrum. H2 possesses the broadest evidence base, particularly in radiofrequency and ultraviolet protection. H2S and CO demonstrate potent efficacy in addressing ultraviolet-induced skin and retinal damage. NO plays a dual role as both a cytoprotectant and a mediator of bystander effect propagation. Hyperbaric oxygen enhances systemic resilience through preconditioning. Delivery strategies have evolved from conventional inhalation and oral administration toward smart nanocarriers and stimuli-responsive donor systems. However, these platforms still face challenges in spatiotemporal control and long-term safety. Furthermore, broader limitations, including an uneven research distribution across electromagnetic wavebands, a scarcity of clinical trials, and the lack of non-invasive methods for real-time gas concentration monitoring, are comprehensively discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":18559,"journal":{"name":"Medical Gas Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"251-260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the structure of the sandpile identity element on Sierpiński gasket graphs.","authors":"Robin Kaiser, Ecaterina Sava-Huss, Julia Überbacher","doi":"10.1007/s40314-026-03928-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40314-026-03928-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We consider the identity of the abelian sandpile group of finite approximation graphs of the Sierpiński gasket, and we show that the second-order term in the scaling limit converges to the path distance to the nearest corner on the Sierpiński gasket. The proof relies on a decomposition of the identity of the sandpile group into the sum of a constant function and the Laplacian of the graph distance on the approximating graphs.</p>","PeriodicalId":51278,"journal":{"name":"Computational and Applied Mathematics","volume":"46 2","pages":"79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149217307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Personalized Surgeons' Cognitive Workload: A Linear Mixed-Effects Model Analysis of EEG Features.","authors":"Damiano Fruet, Sanjana Mendu, Roger Dias, John Rolston, Stefano Cimignolo, Giandomenico Nollo, Marco Zenati","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-37739-5_52","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-37739-5_52","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surgical Flow Disruptions in the operating room can increase cognitive workload and the risk of technical errors. While electroencephalography (EEG) provides an objective framework for monitoring mental effort, traditional statistical methods often rely on group-level analysis. This approach potentially ignores the significant degree of inter-subject variability among individuals. This study evaluated the effectiveness of various EEG features in monitoring the impact of SFDs using a Linear Mixed-Effects Model (LMEM) framework to distinguish between group trends and individual-specific responses. EEG data were recorded from nine surgical trainees during a simulated microvascular anastomosis, during which participants were subjected to six predefined SFDs, including auditory alerts and visual distractions. EEG features were analyzed using LMEM with random intercepts and slopes, and a subjectivity index was introduced to quantify the degree of individualization across 36 extracted EEG features. An initial analysis of variance on the fixed effects revealed that, generally, theta and beta power bands were significantly impacted by disruptions across the group. However, the subjectivity index identified several features, such as Gamma Asymmetry, that exhibited high individualization despite the absence of a significant group trend. Features characterized by both significant fixed effects and high subjectivity indices, such as Mean Power Beta, were identified as the most reliable metrics for tracking cognitive load. These results demonstrate that traditional group-averaging methods can mask critical individual physiological responses. By utilizing LMEM and the associated subjectivity index, this research establishes a statistical foundation for developing personalized intraoperative monitoring systems tailored to a surgeon's unique cognitive profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":524241,"journal":{"name":"IFMBE proceedings","volume":"145 ","pages":"697-706"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13644312/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149140173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in the Pathophysiology of Hypertension.","authors":"Augusto C Montezano, Raquel D Sarafian, Francisco J Rios, Zachariel Blaikie, Livia L Camargo, Milad Rasouli, Rhian M Touyz","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00019.2023","DOIUrl":"10.1152/physiol.00019.2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High blood pressure (hypertension) is a complex, multifactorial, and multisystem disorder and a leading cause of morbidity and premature death worldwide. It is the major modifiable risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. The underlying cause of hypertension is identified in ∼5% of patients (secondary hypertension), whereas in 95% of patients no specific etiology is found (primary hypertension). Multiple factors including genetics, environmental elements, hemodynamics, and interacting physiological systems contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension. At the molecular level, growing evidence indicates an important role for oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, epigenetics, and noncoding RNAs. In addition, new components of the renin-angiotensin system, including alamandine, have been discovered as potential players in the development of hypertension. Here we highlight some novel concepts on molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological processes underlying hypertension.</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147978618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xenon and modern anesthesiology: mechanism, clinical evidence and future development.","authors":"Maria Magdalena Teper, Wiktor Perz, Bartosz Palacz, Lena Merchel, Natalia Marianna Kubiś, Karol Seweryn Błąd","doi":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-25-00376","DOIUrl":"10.4103/mgr.MEDGASRES-D-25-00376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18559,"journal":{"name":"Medical Gas Research","volume":" ","pages":"322-323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2027-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147960093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}