法学最新文献

{"title":"Wake effects and temperature plumes: Coping with non-knowledge in the expansion of wind and geothermal energy.","authors":"Marco Sonnberger, Maria Pfeiffer, Alena Bleicher, Matthias Gross","doi":"10.1177/03063127241246551","DOIUrl":"10.1177/03063127241246551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Energy transitions are knowledge-intensive processes where a multitude of actors are trying to cope with inevitable knowledge gaps, surprises, and uncertainties. In this context, we focus on two techno-physical phenomena that are gaining practical relevance with the expansion of wind and geothermal energy extraction, and are surrounded by significant unknowns: wake effects and temperature plumes. Both phenomena can potentially affect the efficiency of energy production, but the extent of their impact is not yet known. Based on 28 semi-structured interviews with experts in the fields of wind and geothermal energy, we explore how different central actors perceive and interpret non-knowledge of wake effects and temperature plumes, and how they deal with it. We show that there are strategies for either using non-knowledge as a basis for action or simply ignoring it and sweeping knowledge gaps under the rug. Both strategies serve the function of protecting agency and keeping things going.</p>","PeriodicalId":51152,"journal":{"name":"Social Studies of Science","volume":" ","pages":"859-882"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term gain, long-term loss: Exploring the effects of Covid-19 survival strategies on rural livelihoods and the agrarian economy","authors":"Daniel Siaw ,&nbsp;George Ofosu ,&nbsp;David Sarpong","doi":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we explore how the practices of agricultural chain actors within the contingencies of the Covid-19 crisis, may have contributed to precarious rural livelihoods and the agrarian economy. Developing our contribution in the context of Ghana's agricultural sector, which is grappling with socio-economic and sustainability challenges such as land degradation, climate change, and biodiversity loss, we identified salient survival practices in the actions adopted during the Covid-19 pandemic which resulted in short-term gain, but also accounted for the long-term intractable decline in production and for producers' wellbeing. Explicating a fine analysis of how individual practices induced by the pandemic may have contributed to foster a decline in the agrarian economy, our study goes on to shed light on the devastating outcomes of the pandemic on rural livelihoods and the agrarian economies often marked by weak institutions and underdeveloped markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural Studies","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 103523"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of value chain of the artisanal sea urchin fishery of Baja California, México","authors":"Claudia T. Cabrera-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Gabriela Montaño-Moctezuma ,&nbsp;Eva Coronado ,&nbsp;Claudia E. Delgado-Ramírez ,&nbsp;M. Cristina Garza-Lagler","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The value chain analysis provides a comprehensive perspective about fisheries production and key actors involved. This information is relevant for small-scale fisheries and highlights their socioeconomic contribution. Mexico is ranks fifth among the sea urchin exporting countries. In Baja California, Mexico, this fishery is one of the main small-scale fisheries in due to its high commercial value as well as its valuable source of employment and social benefits to communities. However, there is a lack study about commercial process. For an understanding of the socioeconomic dynamics surrounding the activity, this paper aim was analyzed the value chain of the sea urchin fishery through a structural mapping, identified the key-actors and the links among them. Data come from official records and interviews with producers, process plant administrators, and government staff. We identified three nodes and seven production routes and their price variations along the route, through which producers release the captured sea urchin roes to reach the market. Through the value chain, women participation in post-capture activities and their role as leaders in fishing organizations stands out. Relationships within and between nodes primarily informal with limitations for negotiation. Collaboration agreements between producers and the government need to be permanent and promote cooperation among all stakeholders to improve management strategies. Finally, it is suggested that government actions be focused on ensuring compliance with fishing regulations, promoting capability building, and encouraging financial investment to enhance the sustainability of the sea urchin fishery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 106509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconceptualizing the youth and waithood notions: African youth agency and rural livelihoods in artisanal and small-scale mining","authors":"Francis Arthur-Holmes ,&nbsp;Thomas Yeboah","doi":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper seeks to revisit the notion that Africa's youth are caught up in waithood by providing empirical data and critical analysis of the perspectives of youth engaged in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). Drawing on in-depth qualitative interviews from multiple episodes of research in Ghana, we offer seven (7) key findings to argue that the situation of African youth is far more complex and nuanced than the simple portrayal that they are stuck in waithood – i.e. unable to enter the formal labor market to attain respectful adulthood. Thus, our findings offer three (3) perspectives which reflect better the reality of the African youth, enabling us to reconceptualize waithood experiences: <em>Time-bound waithood</em> or <em>waithood temporality</em>, <em>Survival-hood</em>, and <em>Ensnared waithood</em>. The time-bound waithood or waithood temporality reflects a situation where the youth choose to participate in informal sector activities like ASM as a temporal livelihood strategy or as a transition process while negotiating access to well-paid jobs in the formal sector that offer job security. The survival-hood is where youth <em>assert</em> their individual and collective agency to participate in informal sector jobs (in this case, ASM operations) as a survival mechanism, reflecting different livelihood possibilities and complementarities. The ensnared waithood reflects the situation where some youths are caught up in a web of their socialization process or enculturation which implants in their minds that good jobs are those of formal sector or salaried employment which are primarily based in the urban economy. From these perspectives, we argue that waithood is <em>both</em> a process (i.e. transitional) and an end in itself depending on the situation in which the youth perceive formal labor jobs and the willingness to utilize their agency to <em>create</em> their own work or secure informal sector jobs amidst structural constraints or neoliberal policies inhibiting employment for young people in the formal labor market. Based on our findings, we develop a <em>Youth agency outcome framework</em> <em>(YAOF)</em> which highlights how structural constraints (such as government policies, neoliberal policies, social norms and regulations within an economic sector) serve as an impediment to formal sector employment for tertiary graduates (educated youths). The framework further highlights how structural constraints trigger the utilization of capital assets in determining and influencing youth agency in the exploration and subsequent participation in informal sector jobs like ASM and the associated outcomes – such as financial independence, sustainable income, economic support for family members, marriage, and household formation – for the youths involved in the economic activity. Our findings provide critical implications for youth employment policies, interventions, and programs in Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural Studies","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 103513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeing rivers otherwise: Critical cartography as a form of critical pedagogy","authors":"Daniele Tubino de Souza ,&nbsp;Karolien van Teijlingen ,&nbsp;Rutgerd Boelens ,&nbsp;Gabriela Ruales","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Counter-maps have become an increasingly important practice for social movements to claim their rights and to articulate emancipatory actions against extractive intervention plans and dominant territorial reconfiguration projects, especially in the contested field of water governance. Yet the emancipatory nature of these counter-maps should not be taken for granted: much depends on the way in which power relations and different knowledges are negotiated in the critical process of map-making. In this article we therefore investigate how counter cartography, and in particular counter-mapping processes by water justice movements, may benefit from insights from the field and praxis of critical pedagogy. We argue that there is great potential to be unlocked in exploring critical cartography from that perspective. Rather than dissecting the outcomes produced by a critical cartographic practice, we turn our attention to unveiling the transformative and actionable potential that can be found in the mapping process itself. We explore this topic within the context of the grassroots movements that have water as one of their central issues given its relevance and potential for the promotion of more just and sustainable river practices. To this end, we analyse two social arenas in Ecuador where local collectives are engaged in river struggles: the Amazonian Napo province and the Andean district of Licto, Chimborazo province.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards the use of stool land revenue for community development in Ghana: Evidence from the Wassa Fiase traditional area","authors":"Senu Maha-Atma Pomevor","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land generates a lot of revenue which could be used for development. Stool land revenue in the Wassa Fiase traditional area in particular, provides such an opportunity. In the Wassa Fiase area the dynamic land management practices serve as a prospect to mobilise more revenue from various sources. In a case study, and using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires in addition to a multi-stage sampling technique, the use of stool land revenue for the development of communities was investigated. It was revealed that the Wassa Fiase area generate a substantial amount of revenue but members of the community seem not to know exactly what the revenue was being used for. Although they agreed that such revenues could help propel the development of the area. The District Assemblies reported of various projects that are funded with stool land revenue which is laudable. Significantly, members of the community must be consulted in deciding projects stool land revenue is used for. The Office of the Administrator of Stool Lands is now empowered to ensure that stool land revenue is used to benefit communities with a new regulation. The Ghana Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative must continue their advocacy to ensure transparency and accountability of revenue from the extractive sector. The Mineral Development Fund must implement the Mining Community Development Scheme so that more development is carried out throughout the country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 107420"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards hydrosocial autonomy within modernity. A long-term analysis (1850–1980) of socio-material fracturing of flood protection infrastructures in an Alpine valley","authors":"Antoine Brochet ,&nbsp;Jean-Dominique Creutin ,&nbsp;Aida Arik ,&nbsp;Yvan Renou","doi":"10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper retraces the history of flood risk infrastructure projects (1850–1980) in the Grésivaudan Valley, located immediately upstream of Grenoble (France). It analyses the persistent gap between the modernist paradigm embedded in flood protection projects and the concrete hydraulic infrastructure built along the river and at confluences, questioning their unexpected effects. In this article, we demonstrate that in spite of their apparent fixity, flood protection infrastructures are constantly reshaped within hydrosocial territories. To support this argument, we analyse socio-material fracturing arising from the implementation of flood infrastructure projects. Four autonomisation processes that produce these socio-material fractures are studied: a) a competition between imaginaries at stake; b) a situation of legal pluralism denied by the State; c) an agency of sediments; and d) a conflict between the everyday practices of beneficiaries and planned practices. By reconstructing these processes, we open the black box of the hydrosocial construction and materialisation of hydraulic infrastructure, and contribute to the development of the concept of socio-material fractures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48262,"journal":{"name":"Political Geography","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 103249"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The vulnerability of observers – An evaluation of observer programs welfare and working conditions policies","authors":"Marcelo Hidalgo ,&nbsp;Peter Trott ,&nbsp;Bianca Haas","doi":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human rights issues on fishing vessels are increasingly receiving much-needed global attention. However, most focus is directed towards the fishing crew, often ignoring other important workers on board fishing vessels, namely, observers. Due to their specific role as the “eyes and ears” on the water, observers are not covered by any current binding international regulations concerning working standards on board fishing vessels. This leaves them relatively unprotected, besides flag state control. One way flag states address observer welfare and working conditions is through observer programmes. The aim of this paper is to assess whether observer programmes fulfil their responsibilities to protect the health, safety, and welfare of observers and their living conditions while onboard fishing vessels. This analysis was done by developing a specific observer benchmark tool for reviewing observer programmes. The results of this research found that, on average, assessed observer programmes demonstrate good performance. Based on the results, four recommendations are provided, including the need to conduct independent reviews of observer programmes. Generally, more research is needed to get a better understanding of geographical hot-spots and observer experiences. Fisheries observers are key to ensuring sustainable fisheries management, and it is imperative that their right to a safe work environment is assured.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48427,"journal":{"name":"Marine Policy","volume":"172 ","pages":"Article 106540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Technopolitics of Hydrogen: Arab Gulf States’ Pursuit of Significance in a Climate-Constrained World","authors":"Tobias Zumbraegel","doi":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite uncertainties surrounding the hydrogen economy’s emergence in terms of technological innovation, production, storage and transport, policy and regulation, economic viability, and environmental impact, countries worldwide actively pursue initiatives to engage in this critical energy transition. Politicians, analysts, and global experts see ‘clean’ hydrogen as the ultimate solution for addressing the climate crisis. This optimism is shared by several major oil and gas-exporting nations, which are investing heavily in hydrogen infrastructure to establish themselves as future global hubs. Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are especially well-positioned, benefiting from strategic advantages over other hydrogen-producing regions in the Global South. Advocates in these countries view hydrogen as a potential ‘silver bullet’ for sustaining political and economic influence in a world increasingly shaped by climate constraints. Western technology and expertise play a significant role in supporting these efforts. By using various qualitative methods, this paper employs and expand the concept of technopolitics to evaluate the role of industrialized nations in endorsing the Gulf states’ authoritarian, top-down, techno-optimistic approach to their sustainability agenda.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12497,"journal":{"name":"Geoforum","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 104168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sense of place in providers’ perspectives of school placement policies in relation to refugee settlement in rural Sweden","authors":"Per-Åke Rosvall ,&nbsp;Elisabet Öhrn ,&nbsp;Dennis Beach ,&nbsp;Monica Johansson ,&nbsp;Maria Rönnlund","doi":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the initial phase of the refugee wave in 2015 rural municipalities in Sweden were obliged for the first time to receive refugees. Some rural officials welcomed refugees in hopes that it would counter population declines and future staffing problems. Some officials also referred to rural areas as idylls for reception, well equipped for reception arguing that small places are better for integration. This raised placement issues, which varied widely among three identified categories of municipalities (tourist towns and/or sparsely populated areas, de/industrialised towns, and small villages). We explored these issues by interviewing respondents in 21 municipalities. We selected three municipalities to represent the three categories and analysed responses of our informants within them to obtain insights into their views of the refugees' reception and associated issues. For this we applied a Masseyian ‘sense of place’ and ‘power geometry’ theoretical framework. Wide variations among municipalities were reported. However, common themes included: a lack of relevant training initially; rapid establishment of organisational arrangements and competences; segregation in some municipalities due to placement in segregated housing (which raised informants' awareness of social class-based divisions); and changes in status or requirements for migrants to relocate (with very little warning) that severely impacted the refugees' transitions. The results clearly indicate needs for more long-term and robust policies to avoid problems associated with refugees' ‘liminal citizenship’ and weak power, with consequent impacts on their educational transitions and subsequent prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Rural Studies","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 103509"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}