法学最新文献

{"title":"What's my age again? An age-period-cohort analysis of generalised trust in Africa","authors":"Michael Kumove ,&nbsp;Intifar Sadiq Chowdhury","doi":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most African countries are experiencing a ‘youth bulge’—a large proportion of young people in their populations. What effect might this have on generalised trust? Using a cross-classified random effects model (CCREM) on Afrobarometer data, we show that (1) higher age is correlated with higher generalised trust in Africa, and (2) this is at least partly the result of the ageing process itself and not merely due to period or cohort effects. Both of these findings are consistent with previous work on trust in the US and Europe. This implies that the African youth bulge has pushed down generalised trust as the proportion of low-trust young people in the population has steadily increased. This supports the ‘instability thesis’ of youth bulges and could threaten the other dividends which they may generate. We conclude by presenting some suggestions for ameliorating this decline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48338,"journal":{"name":"Social Science Research","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards advancing the Global South’s understanding of mineral criticality: implications of the North–South geopolitical confrontations on critical minerals","authors":"Desire Runganga,&nbsp;Peta Ashworth,&nbsp;Bishal Bharadwaj","doi":"10.1016/j.exis.2025.101680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exis.2025.101680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The North–South critical minerals conflict, traced back to the 1975 UN General Assembly resource confrontation, is becoming so pronounced that it may slow down or increase the costs associated with the energy transition. To reveal the geopolitical implications of criticality, particularly in weaker Global South countries, this study uses qualitative content analysis to analyse the historical conceptualisation of strategic and critical minerals from 1918 to 2024 and the emerging methodologies from different countries post-2010. The study reveals that criticality was developed from self-interested terms, and there have been some efforts to reframe it as a global concept to promote cooperation in fighting climate change. However, the study notes that the increasing use of self-interested criticality methodologies by China and Global North countries contradicts re-framing criticality as a global concept. Re-framing criticality as a global concept, despite the continued use of geopolitically skewed metrics, may help Global South countries to easily forget criticality’s controversial issues, particularly the Global South’s interest in having a share in global manufacturing. The study concludes that criticality is an important tool that informs international and domestic resource policy. However, it is a scalable, localised concept. Global South countries must localise the criticality to avoid contributing to their own demise, as the concept is non-altruistic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47848,"journal":{"name":"Extractive Industries and Society-An International Journal","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 101680"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External Validity in an Instrumental Variable Setting.","authors":"Alexander Kwon, Kyungtae Lee","doi":"10.1177/0193841X251342619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X251342619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We study the external validity of instrumental variable estimation. The key assumption we impose for external validity is conditional external unconfoundedness among compliers, which means that the treatment effect and target selection are independent among compliers conditional on covariates. We study this assumption with a case study about the impact of solid-fuel usage on women's average cooking time. Among the six countries examined, we find no statistical evidence that the assumptions required for external validity are violated for four countries (Ethiopia, Honduras, Kenya, and Zambia), but in Cambodia and Nepal, we find low external validity. These results provide suggestive evidence that the assumptions required for external validity are violated for these two countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":47533,"journal":{"name":"Evaluation Review","volume":" ","pages":"193841X251342619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test of a new method in the distinction between falls and blows on a postmortem CT-scans sample.","authors":"M鬡nie Henriques, Vincent Bonhomme, Marie-Dominique Piercecchi-Marti, Cl魥nce Delteil, Ana Carballeira-Alvarez, Pascal Adalian, Eug鮩a Cunha","doi":"10.1127/anthranz/2025/1852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2025/1852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The discrimination between falls and blows is an important task in forensic anthropology and pathology. This research aimed to test a discrimination method between falls and blows. This method was created from the quotation of 549 types of fractures for 57 bones and 12 anatomical regions. Different models were tested according to the sensibility of random forest parameters and their effects on model accuracies. The best model was based on binary coding of 12 anatomical regions or 28 bones with or without baseline (age and sex). We tested this new method in the distinction between falls and blows on post-mortem computerized tomography scans (PMCT). The sample was composed of 47 subjects with 36 falls and 11 blows, whose aetiologia was based on forensic reports. Of the 47 bodies, 35 were complete, and 12 presented missing bones; 39 were estimated to be falls and 8 to be blows. Of the 12 individuals with missing bones, 11 had a reasonable estimation of the etiology of fractures, i.e., 91.7%. Methods showed excellent etiology estimation for fall cases (97.2%) but misclassified 36.4% of blow cases. Our method misclassified 5 subjects (10.6%), more precisely, 4 blows and 1 fall. Overall, the reliability of the estimation of the etiology is substantial, with a Cohens k-values of 0.67. The method could be used in distinguishing between blows and falls and is also suitable for fragmented or missing bones. To ensure an easy and fast use of this method, we have developed a freely available online automated tool (http://fracture.cloud).</p>","PeriodicalId":46008,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologischer Anzeiger","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144081280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial gender quotas: The disparity in women's representation in Taiwan's legislature and cabinet","authors":"Chiu-Wan Liu ,&nbsp;Anne Fan An Chen ,&nbsp;Po-Han Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.wsif.2025.103117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wsif.2025.103117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the disparity between women's representation in Taiwan's presidential cabinet and its legislature. Under Taiwan's first female president, the legislative elections of 2020 resulted in a legislature of over 40 % female, while the proportion of female cabinet ministers remained consistently low. The paper uses document and text analysis to propose a conceptual framework of ‘partial gender quotas’ to explore this disparity, offering three possible explanations. First, the institutional design of gender quotas for female legislators promotes gender equality in parliamentary representation, while the cabinet is more directly shaped by party politics with less civil oversight. Second, the Executive Yuan's Gender Equality Committee has not realised feminist scholars' expectations to generate a more significant impact on Taiwan's political landscape. Third, Taiwan's female political leadership has shown reluctance to frame themselves as role models for women and girls.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47940,"journal":{"name":"Womens Studies International Forum","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the relationship between poverty dimensions and social exclusion in university students","authors":"Meryem Gökdogan ,&nbsp;Eylül Gülnur Erdoğan ,&nbsp;Mahdıs Mazhari","doi":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2025.102607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2025.102607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to examine the correlation between the socioeconomic circumstances of university students and their experiences of social exclusion. A total of 370 undergraduate students at a Turkish university participated in this cross-sectional study. The data were collected using the Multidimensional Poverty Assessment Scale for University Students, the Social Exclusion Scale for Adolescents, and the socio-demographic characteristics data form. The data were analyzed using several statistical tests, including the independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson regression coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis. The multidimensional poverty and social exclusion levels of the students were found to be at a medium level. The poverty levels of students who perceived their income levels as good, who were foreigners, who had a large family structure, and who had siblings were higher. Significant differences were found between the multidimensional poverty and social exclusion scores of the students and the faculties they studied. It was observed that students have different experiences of poverty in different areas such as financial opportunities, education, international opportunities, physical opportunities, health, sociocultural life, self-expression, and communication. To deal with this situation more effectively, it is recommended that universities develop comprehensive support strategies for students at risk of poverty and organize activities to strengthen solidarity and social ties among students.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48046,"journal":{"name":"Evaluation and Program Planning","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 102607"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Visa-Based Dispersal Policies Effective in Attracting and Retaining Skilled Migrants in Rural Australia?","authors":"Dagamra Laukova, Aude Bernard, Tomasz Zając, Anthony Kimpton, Neil Argent, Thomas Sigler","doi":"10.1177/01979183251330275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183251330275","url":null,"abstract":"Australia offers regional visa schemes for skilled migrants who reside in nonmetropolitan Australia for a minimum of 2 years to alleviate nonmetropolitan depopulation and skills shortages. To assess the efficacy of this program in attracting and retaining migrants, we apply survival analysis to administrative longitudinal microdata from the Person Level Integrated Data Asset linked to census data from 2010 to 2020. We find that this program attracts few new migrants to regional Australia given that over 80% of regional visa holders applied onshore. Furthermore, close to 65% were already in a nonmetropolitan region for an average of 2 years while the remainder took on average 7 months to relocate to a nonmetropolitan area from overseas or from within Australia. While nonmetropolitan retention is high — 70% after 10 years — it is significantly lower in remote and very remote regions, and it is lower than the Australian population at large, suggesting limited policy efficacy in retaining rural populations in the long term. We also identify a negative selection, with migrants with low English proficiency being more likely to remain in nonmetropolitan regions, which suggests a possible segmentation of nonmetropolitan labor markets where migrants are concentrated in low-wage sectors. Two policy levers emerge to improve retention: (1) targeting co-ethnic communities and (2) focusing on young families with children. The mixed results from this policy evaluation highlight the difficulties of stimulating nonmetropolitan population growth via immigration.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Longitudinal Relationship Between Acculturation and Alcohol Use Among Immigrant Adolescents in Europe","authors":"Krzysztof Czaderny","doi":"10.1177/01979183251333767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183251333767","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the relationship between alcohol use among immigrant adolescents living in Europe and their sense of national belonging as well as the ethnic composition of their friendship networks, contributing to the broader discussion on the healthy immigrant effect. To date, the majority of longitudinal studies examining the relationship between acculturation and alcohol use have been conducted in the United States. This study employs a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model, analyzing data from the <jats:italic>Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries</jats:italic> . The sample includes 5,235 adolescents with an immigrant background living in England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The findings of this study indicate that identification as a foreigner was negatively related to alcohol use over time, whereas identification with the host country was positively associated with alcohol use longitudinally. In line with the immigrant acculturation hypothesis, the proportion of friends from the ethnic background of the host country was longitudinally positively associated with alcohol use. A similar pattern of relationships was observed for alcohol misuse. As demonstrated in the two-part analysis, identification as a foreigner, identification with the host country, and ethnic composition of friendship networks were primarily associated with the initiation of alcohol use rather than the frequency of alcohol use among immigrant adolescents. In conclusion, the promotion of selective acculturation among this group is recommended, especially in view of the increased health risks associated with alcohol use due to immigrants’ lower propensity to utilize preventive healthcare.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experts, commercial software, and the internal revenue service: American taxpayer perceptions of trust and procedural justice.","authors":"Krystia Reed,Morgan Wagner,Saeid Tizpaz-Niari,Ashutosh Trivedi","doi":"10.1037/lhb0000600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000600","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEThe complexity of tax laws makes manual preparation difficult, leading more taxpayers to use software or accountants. This study presents an experimental analysis comparing taxpayer perceptions of trust and procedural justice when filing with tax experts versus using tax software. The study addressed four questions: (1) How do perceptions of human tax experts compare to tax software? (2) Do perceptions vary among different types of tax software? (3) Do trust and procedural justice predict filing decisions? (4) Can taxpayers effectively oversee tax preparation software?HYPOTHESESWe hypothesized that participants would favor professional tax experts over commercial and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) software (Hypothesis 1). We also expected higher procedural justice to correlate with greater satisfaction (Hypothesis 2), self-identified knowledge to correlate with accurate expectations (Hypothesis 3), and filing decisions to be predicted by trust in the method (Hypothesis 4a) or outcome (Hypothesis 4b). We anticipated that higher trust in software would increase the likelihood of filing with software (Hypothesis 5) and that inconsistency across methods would decrease filing likelihood (Hypothesis 6).METHODIn the experiment, 146 taxpayers (64% women; 88% Hispanic; 75% White; Mage = 27.55 years) prepared their taxes using three methods: a tax professional, commercial software, and IRS software. Participants rated and ranked the trustworthiness of each method and indicated their preference.RESULTSAs predicted, participants had the most favorable perceptions of the tax expert, followed by commercial software and IRS software (Hypothesis 1). Trust in the method, not the outcome, predicted filing decisions (Hypothesis 4a). Participants with higher trust in software were more likely to file with software (Hypothesis 5). Contrary to expectations, procedural justice did not correlate with satisfaction (Hypothesis 2), and knowledge did not correlate with accurate expectations (Hypothesis 3). Consistency across methods did not predict filing (Hypothesis 6).CONCLUSIONSParticipants generally preferred human experts, but trust in software could override this preference. Future research directions and implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).","PeriodicalId":48230,"journal":{"name":"Law and Human Behavior","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The State of Interprofessional Supervision in Practice: A Qualitative Analysis.","authors":"Julie Berrett-Abebe, Jocelyn Novella, Michelle Pagnotta, Tanika Eaves","doi":"10.1093/sw/swaf018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swaf018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical supervision is a professional expectation across social work and other behavioral health disciplines, but the academic literature on supervision has historically been professionally insular, and little research has been conducted in the United States on interprofessional supervision (IPS), or supervision across disciplines. Therefore, authors sought to understand the lived experiences of supervision for behavioral health clinicians from various behavioral health professions in practice settings where multiple professions were present. This qualitative study analyzed data from 20 interviews of clinicians practicing in diverse mental health and/or substance disorder treatment settings. Four main themes emerged: (1) value of IPS, (2) clinical supervision in peer supervision spaces, (3) varied individual supervision experiences, and (4) role of organizational culture in supervision. Results suggest implications for the profession of social work, including the opportunity for the profession to better define its disciplinary competencies and indicate how those competencies are of value in supervision, as well as to prioritize training and research in uniprofessional and interprofessional supervision.</p>","PeriodicalId":21875,"journal":{"name":"Social work","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144080308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}