法学最新文献

{"title":"How Is Fertility Behavior in Africa Different?","authors":"Claus C Pörtner","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12191344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12191344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sub-Saharan Africa's fertility decline has lagged behind that of other regions. Using large-scale, individual-level data, I provide new evidence on how fertility in sub-Saharan Africa compares with that in East Asia, South Asia, and Latin America by examining differences in fertility outcomes by grade level across regions. Unlike prior research that compared aggregate fertility and education outcomes, I estimate fertility outcomes separately for each combination of region, area of residence, age group, and grade level. I find that differences in fertility between sub-Saharan Africa and other regions increase with education up to the end of primary school and then rapidly decrease. There is little consistent evidence of differences among women with secondary education or higher. Moreover, for grade levels where fertility is significantly higher in sub-Saharan Africa than in other regions, the differences are substantially smaller for surviving children than for children ever born. Using women's literacy as a proxy for school quality, I show that the results for literacy rates follow a similar pattern to the fertility outcomes. Overall, the results suggest that higher offspring mortality and lower quality of primary schooling contribute to higher fertility in sub-Saharan Africa compared with other regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144838296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Checks and Balances: Appropriations, Congressional Committees, and Interbranch Conflict","authors":"Jeremiah Cha,&nbsp;Jon Rogowski","doi":"10.1111/lsq.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We study how committees influence policy outcomes in the context of appropriations. Since the birth of modern political science, the power of the purse has been recognized as a primary institutional check through which Congress constrains presidential ambitions. Despite the importance of committees and subcommittees in classic accounts of appropriations, recent developments raise questions about their relevance for contemporary legislative outcomes. We test the hypothesis that appropriations outcomes are less aligned with the president's request as the relevant subcommittee is more ideologically distant from the president. Using comprehensive new data on presidential budget requests and congressional appropriations for the U.S. federal government from 1972 to 2021, we find strong support for this expectation, particularly in the House. Our findings suggest that the composition of legislative committees affects policy outcomes and illustrate how the (sub)committee system helps Congress overcome its collective action problems to constrain the executive.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47672,"journal":{"name":"Legislative Studies Quarterly","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144814793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Binary: On the Multiplicity of Sex and Gender in a Western-Centric World.","authors":"Joel R Anderson","doi":"10.1007/s10508-025-03157-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03157-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8327,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Sexual Behavior","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144825655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital borders and beyond: Establishing normative grounds for cybersecurity and sovereignty in international law","authors":"Kasim Balarabe","doi":"10.1016/j.clsr.2025.106180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clsr.2025.106180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the rapidly evolving digital age, the confluence of cybersecurity threats and the assertion of digital sovereignty by states has created a complex, multi-dimensional challenge for international law. The existing legal regimes governing state behavior in cyberspace are fragmented, outdated, and ill-equipped to address the novel, intangible, and interconnected nature of the digital domain. This article examines the gaps and limitations in the current international legal frameworks and proposes a dynamic, adaptable approach to establishing a normative foundation for cybersecurity and digital sovereignty. The article highlights the urgent need for clear definitions and categories of cybercrimes and cyberwarfare under international law, as well as the development of appropriate legal responses and enforcement mechanisms. It also explores the tensions between state sovereignty and global Internet governance, proposing a balanced framework that upholds both the legitimate security interests of states and the fundamental principles of human rights, transparency, and multistakeholder collaboration. Central to the article's argument is the call for a flexible, evolutionary architecture of international cybersecurity law, capable of keeping pace with rapid technological advancements and the ever-changing threat landscape. This framework should incorporate mechanisms for continuous improvement, effective attribution and accountability, and the active engagement of international organizations and multistakeholder initiatives. The article further emphasizes the critical role of geopolitical challenges in shaping the development of international cybersecurity norms. It advocates for a nuanced, pragmatic approach that acknowledges the competing interests and values of different state actors while striving to find common ground and build trust through dialogue and cooperation. In an era of increasing digital interconnectedness and the erosion of traditional borders, this article presents a compelling case for the adaptation of international law to address the complex realities of the digital age. It offers valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers, legal experts, and scholars seeking to navigate the uncharted territories of cybersecurity and digital sovereignty in the 21st century.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51516,"journal":{"name":"Computer Law & Security Review","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 106180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ex-post impact analysis of the Philippine pig repopulation program","authors":"Lary Nel B. Abao ,&nbsp;Ruth M. Sonaco ,&nbsp;Miguel V. Guioguio ,&nbsp;Alvin Paul J. Dirain ,&nbsp;Roland Y. Fajardo ,&nbsp;Joseph Frank Mgaya","doi":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2025.102675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2025.102675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The 3-year Integrated National Swine Production Initiatives for Recovery and Expansion (INSPIRE) program is the national repopulation and recovery program of the Philippine Department of Agriculture-National Livestock Program, offering a mix of interventions aimed at reviving the swine industry, which was significantly impacted by African Swine Fever (ASF). The study focused on the interventions provided to the three regions with the highest allocation from fiscal years (FYs) 2022 and 2023: Central Luzon, CALABARZON, and the Davao region. A combination of SARIMA modeling and financial analyses was employed to measure the impacts of the repopulation program.</div><div>Two forecasts were created: one assumes a situation without African swine fever outbreaks, using datasets from 2000Q1 to 2019Q2, whereas the other reflects the situation prior to the implementation of the INSPIRE program, which utilizes datasets from 2000Q1 to 2021Q4.</div><div>The study estimated the impact of the INSPIRE program in these three regions, revealing that Central Luzon and CALABARZON significantly benefited from the program. Without the INSPIRE program, pig production in Central Luzon could have been wiped out by the second quarter of 2022 (2022Q2), whereas CALABARZON would have faced a similar scenario by the first quarter of 2023 (2023Q1). In contrast, the INSPIRE program had a lesser impact in the Davao Region, as it was affected by ASF later.</div><div>The cost benefit analysis and net present value of the program investments yielded favorable ratios that indicate their financial viability and success. Based on the impact analysis, it is recommended that the swine repopulation program be continued beyond 2025 with increased funding.</div><div>This is the first study in the Philippines which utilizes time series SARIMA forecasting to evaluate the impact of a pig repopulation program.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48046,"journal":{"name":"Evaluation and Program Planning","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Multivariate Basis of Human Brain Evolution: The Prerequisites of Fire Control and Cooking","authors":"Marcelo O. Ortells,&nbsp;Stephon Stewart","doi":"10.1002/evan.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the evolutionary origins of the human brain, focusing on the trend of increasing size in hominins, while also addressing exceptions such as <i>Homo naledi</i>, <i>Homo floresiensis</i>, and the recent reduction observed in <i>Homo sapiens</i>. It examines hypotheses related to brain enlargement, challenging the Social Brain and Ecological Hypotheses by suggesting that the increase in brain size was not an inevitable response to social complexity or ecological pressures. While the Cooking Hypothesis is considered, it is not identified as the primary driver of brain expansion. Instead, fire control and cooking are proposed as prerequisites for sustaining brain size increases by meeting the energetic demands of larger brains. Additionally, we examine mutations that influenced brain size and complexity and contributed to the genetic variability that was pivotal to brain evolution, particularly in Africa during its final phase.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":47849,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology","volume":"34 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144815099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Responsible to Science and Responsive to Society”: The Executive, Bureaucracy, and Genetically Modified Food Crops in India","authors":"Aniket Aga","doi":"10.1080/24694452.2025.2534561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2025.2534561","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47874,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the American Association of Geographers","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144850894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamete Size Is Essential for Understanding Sex and Sexual Selection in Humans, Animals, Plants, and Algae But Configurations of Sex-Linked Traits Are Practically Important for Understanding Sex.","authors":"David A Frederick","doi":"10.1007/s10508-025-03216-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03216-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8327,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Sexual Behavior","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144825522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of urban greening in limiting land take in case of population growth: Evidence for Europe 2005–2018","authors":"Katarzyna Kopczewska","doi":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Built-up land is supposed to serve the population. The question is how changes in population affect changes in land use. In the case of population growth, one can expect a densification of settlements that does not involve land take or spatial spillovers that convert land into built-up areas (urbanisation). In the case of population decline, land may remain as built-up land or be returned to other uses (greening). This paper examines these patterns for Europe for the years 2005–2018, based on LUCAS data for land use and census data for population. It is a low granularity analysis on a 2 km x 2 km grid with more than 1 million grid cells. It uses unsupervised learning methods - market basket analysis to detect major trends, and econometric probit models to find factors that determine the probability of land use transitions. We find that there is no strong population pressure. Even if the European territory undergoes all possible patterns of change, in general the built-up area remains as it was or disappears even under population growth. The explanation for this phenomenon lies in urban greening and sustainable development policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17933,"journal":{"name":"Land Use Policy","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 107726"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Health Equity for Latinx Autistic Adults in the United States through an Intersectionality Lens.","authors":"Jéssica Marisol Marroquín, Stephanie Lechuga-Peña, Hyunsung Oh, Flavio F Marsiglia","doi":"10.1093/sw/swaf029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swaf029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health of autistic adults has become increasingly researched, but subgroups with intersectional identities like Latinx autistic adults remain largely understudied. In this article authors examine the health disparities U.S. Latinx autistic adults may experience throughout their lifespan and apply a combined theoretical framework-the ecological systems theory, critical race theory (CRT), and intersectionality-to a study of Latinx autistic young adults. CRT conceptualizes how race, along with the intersectional identity of disability, interact in the socioecological systems of the United States. Together these theories guide the examination of the dynamic interactions impacting the health of Latinx autistic individuals. The proposed integrated theoretical framework supports practitioners' abilities to be culturally humble and responsive to Latinx autistic adults' health experiences. Practitioners engaging with Latinx autistic communities, and specifically social work researchers, practitioners, and educators, can gain awareness of how individuals' social context and positionality contribute to people's experiences of health, discrimination, and wellness in their day-to-day lives. This article provides practical examples and recommendations for implementation. Although this article centers on the intersections of Latinx racial identity and autism disability, the proposed theoretical framework can be useful in identifying and addressing health disparities among other marginalized communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":21875,"journal":{"name":"Social work","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144837754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}