法学最新文献

{"title":"Dangerously Vague: The Indeterminacy of Dangerousness Criteria of Preventive Sanctions in Dutch Criminal Law.","authors":"Max de Vries","doi":"10.1002/bsl.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The imposition of preventive sanctions on offenders-ranging from preventive detention to community supervision-generally requires that the offender is held to be \"dangerous\": a legal \"dangerousness criterion\" must be met. This article shows that in Dutch criminal law, these dangerousness criteria are vague. They fail to define, or define in an insufficiently precise way, the type, severity, probability, and time frame of future harm that must be established to fulfill the dangerousness criterion. Drawing on theory on vagueness in law, it is argued that vague dangerousness criteria are undesirable. The vagueness of these criteria renders the decision of whether they are satisfied discretionary. Consequently, courts possess an almost unrestricted power to impose preventive sanctions on offenders. This is incompatible with the rule of law and increases the risk of the overuse of these sanctions. It is therefore advocated that clearer, more precise dangerousness criteria are needed in the Netherlands.</p>","PeriodicalId":47926,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149208144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"U.S. State Policy Contexts, County Economic Contexts, and Working-Age Mortality.","authors":"Iliya Gutin, Jennifer Karas Montez, Shannon Monnat, Emily Wiemers, Douglas Wolf","doi":"10.1215/00703370-12863652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-12863652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Jointly modeling state and county contexts reveals synergistic, not independent, mortality associations. Lowest mortality is observed in economically secure counties within liberal-policy states. For males, extreme county economic insecurity yields high mortality regardless of state policy. For males, high labor force participation raises mortality in conservative state contexts. For females, liberal state policies buffer both county economic and labor disadvantages.</p>","PeriodicalId":48394,"journal":{"name":"Demography","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149197354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism and body shape differences in hip bone morphology between Homo sapiens and Neanderthal lineage individuals.","authors":"Gonzalo Madroñal-López, Nieves Candelas González, Armando González Martín, Markus Bastir, Daniel García-Martínez","doi":"10.4436/JASS.10408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.10408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pelvis as a whole and the hip bones are the best skeletal elements for determining sex in humans, as their pattern of sexual dimorphism is based on women's ability to give birth to a full-term fetus. Additionally, an individual's body type also has a significant effect on pelvic shape, which could, in turn, influence the pattern of sexual dimorphism. It has been demonstrated that 3D geometric morphometrics (3DGM) can distinguish between male and female hip bone morphology in anatomically modern humans. Therefore, this study employs 3DGM methodology to analyse and compare hip bone morphology of individuals from the Neanderthal lineage, as well as a specimen of early Homo, in a comparative framework of 46 H. sapiens of known sex. The Neanderthal lineage individuals were distributed along modern male and female morphologies, coinciding with their traditional sexual assessment, based on differences in pubic length, iliac width, and greater sciatic notch aperture. These results point to a similar coxal sexual dimorphism pattern in both lineages. Body shape does not seem to influence the dimorphic pattern, but the results show a gradient from archaic coxal morphology present in early Homo to the derived Neanderthal morphology, where the pre- Neanderthal individual has a more Neanderthal-like morphology than the H. heidelbergensis individual.</p>","PeriodicalId":48668,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences","volume":"104 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149217171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Los Manríquez y su empresa criminal Las Mudanzas. Prestigio y consumo de familias que circulan mercancía caliente en el centro de México","authors":"Marco Antonio Zagal Guzmán","doi":"10.1002/sea2.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.70049","url":null,"abstract":"RESUMEN A partir del estudio de caso de una familia de tres generaciones dedicada al robo y a la circulación de mercancía caliente en el centro de México, analizo las formas en que sus integrantes cultivan su idea de prestigio y cómo esta se relaciona con sus motivaciones. En principio, señalo que el intercambio de artículos robados constituye una actividad económica vinculada a diversos circuitos de mercado por los que estos circulan, al establecimiento de empresas criminales y al perfilamiento de lo que defino como el pequeño empresario del robo. Planteo que la figura del pequeño empresario permite situar a los fundadores y líderes actuales de la empresa criminal Las Mudanzas en condiciones de reinvertir sus ganancias en propiedades, negocios y bienes. Si bien el consumo es central para explicar la motivación de los sujetos etnográficos para seguir delinquiendo, argumento que su actuar no se limita a ello. Además de las prácticas de consumo, señalo que la continuidad de la empresa criminal posibilita a la familia extensa el acceso a formas de prestigio relevantes en el mundo del hampa. De este modo, tomo como referencia las ideas que los líderes criminales de la familia Manríquez tienen en torno al prestigio para explicar por qué, aun teniendo cubiertas las necesidades básicas, persisten en el robo y en el intercambio de mercancía caliente.","PeriodicalId":45372,"journal":{"name":"Economic Anthropology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149198916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study protocol: seeking treatment for gambling - a 10-year retrospective clinical and register study of gambling patterns and physical and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with gambling disorder.","authors":"Anders Håkansson, Yassir Abdul Rahim, Molly Miles, Carolina Widinghoff","doi":"10.1186/s12954-026-01565-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12954-026-01565-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gambling disorder, the first non-substance-related addictive disorder to be recognized, can have a severe impact on health and psycho-social well-being, but treatment seeking is often low, and the documentation of clinical needs and medical comorbidities is sparser than for substance use disorders. The present study protocol describes a large clinical and register study which aims to describe physical and psychiatric comorbidities in patients seeking treatment at a regional gambling disorder treatment unit within addiction health care, and how comorbidity, routes of referral, and psychiatric medications are associated with problem gambling patterns, self-exclusion from gambling, gambling despite self-exclusion, gender, age, psycho-social living conditions, and over-indebtedness. In addition, the study aims to map out prior contacts of care in treatment-seeking patients, aiming to lay the ground for improved and earlier detection of gambling problems in diverse clinical settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Health care documentation will be studied for all patients seeking treatment for gambling-related problems (estimated N around 1,200) for the entire 10-year period since the opening of a specialized treatment unit in the Skåne region, Sweden, in December, 2015, through November, 2025. In addition to data from health care records, treatment episode data will be run against a regional health care register describing all other primary care and specialized care contacts in the region, including out-patient and in-patient episodes and diagnoses, for both physical and mental health disorders.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The present project can describe - over time - the full range of socio-demographic conditions and comorbidities, not only regarding mental health but also physical disorders, in clinical patients with gambling disorder. Results can therefore guide efforts for detection of gambling problems in other types of social service or health care settings. User perspectives are ensured through the collaboration with a patient and peer support organization, and public implementation is ensured through continuous collaboration with political decision makers and coordinating leading stakeholders in social services and health care in the region and elsewhere.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov, Clinical Trials identifier number NCT07488871, date of registration March 9, 2026.</p>","PeriodicalId":12922,"journal":{"name":"Harm Reduction Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequential Polyvictimisation in a Child: A Forensic Case Report","authors":"María A. García-Rico,&nbsp;María V. Jimeno,&nbsp;Dolores Fernández-Pérez","doi":"10.1002/car.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/car.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This case highlights the forensic and psychological implications of sequential polyvictimisation in a minor. A 6-year-old child exposed to gender-based violence, maternal homicide and alleged sexual abuse underwent forensic evaluation. Multidisciplinary assessments and legal procedures were conducted to determine psychological harm and testimonial capacity. Findings revealed cumulative vulnerability, attachment disruption and systemic gaps in protection. This case underscores the need for integrated child protection strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47371,"journal":{"name":"Child Abuse Review","volume":"35 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/car.70178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent Paths of US Counties: Multiscale Drivers and Spatial Dynamics of Population Growth and Decline (2010−2020)","authors":"Mohammadreza Gholami Gowhareh","doi":"10.1002/psp.70387","DOIUrl":"10.1002/psp.70387","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Population change across US counties has taken sharply different paths, with some areas experiencing steady growth while others face persistent decline. These trends are not random; they reflect deeper shifts in the economy and uneven regional development. This study contributes to demographic and regional research by treating population growth and decline as two distinct demographic regimes, each influenced by its own set of factors. We examine which factors are associated with county-level population change in the United States from 2010 to 2020, using data from 3130 counties with complete records across all explanatory variables, compiled from the American Community Survey, the Bureau of Economic Analysis and fiscal records. To capture both overall patterns and local variations, we combine standard regression methods (OLS, spatial lag and spatial error models) with Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR). Counties are explicitly divided into growing (<i>N</i> = 1548) and shrinking (<i>N</i> = 1582) groups, with models estimated separately for each. The findings show a moderate but consistent asymmetry between growth and decline. Declining counties tend to cluster together and are associated with consistent factors such as aging populations, weak labour markets, reliance on agriculture and, to a more limited extent, housing tenure. Growth, on the other hand, is more spatially variable and localized. It is associated with an agricultural employment structure operating at a broad scale, while natural increase and tax burden exhibit highly localized associations, and housing tenure shows a broader but uneven association. MGWR provides a substantially better fit than global models in both cases (<i>R</i>² = 0.546 for growing counties and 0.595 for shrinking counties, compared with 0.043 and 0.150 under standard OLS), highlighting that population change is a complex, multiscale process. Understanding these spatial patterns is crucial for developing policies and planning strategies that are sensitive to local conditions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48067,"journal":{"name":"Population Space and Place","volume":"32 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gender dynamics of crop varietal choices in rural Kenya: navigating risk, diversification, and decision-making","authors":"Brenda Boonabaana,&nbsp;Peruth Naturinda,&nbsp;Carol Waweru,&nbsp;Benjamin Kivuva,&nbsp;Martina Cavicchioli,&nbsp;Berber Kramer","doi":"10.1007/s10460-026-10996-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10460-026-10996-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>How do women and men farmers in Kenya situate, form, and pursue varietal choices amidst unequal gender relations, seed markets, and climate variability? Drawing on 67 individual interviews and focus group discussions across five Kenyan counties—Bungoma, Busia, Meru, Tharaka Nithi, and Makueni, we apply a feminist political ecology (FPE) lens to examine women and men smallholder farmers’ varietal choices and use in rural Kenya. We show that varietal choice is neither linear nor a simple shift toward ‘newness’ but rather a gendered, intersectional, and bioculturally embedded process of negotiation by farmers to maintain seed diversity and meet multiple short-term and long-term needs, including consumption, marketability, agroecological adaptation and cultural drivers such as labor demands and culinary values. While production traits were prioritized by both women and men, women also highly valued processing and consumption traits. Men (adults and youth) prioritized market traits such as yield potential and market potential. Varietal availability, trust, price, and agroecological fit shape women and men’s perceptions about a variety, choice and use. Gender and age differences shape varietal awareness, with young men and women’s access to information through digital platforms, while adult women relied on interpersonal and local networks. Adult men used radio and mobile phones. Findings illuminate farmers’ strategic maintenance of varietal portfolios spanning both local landraces and breeding varieties. We conclude that seed policies should integrate local knowledge and gendered realities, availability, and access to preferred varieties. Strengthening farmer-researcher crop technology co-creation through participatory breeding, on-farm seed conservation and multiplication is essential.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7683,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Human Values","volume":"43 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10460-026-10996-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Obligation to Conduct Environmental Impact Assessments in the Sustainable Development of Mega-Constellations","authors":"Hanhui Zha","doi":"10.1017/s2047102526100405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2047102526100405","url":null,"abstract":"The development of satellite mega-constellations promises substantial benefits but also exacerbates environmental risks, including primarily the proliferation of space debris, interference with astronomy, and effects on the atmosphere. This article explains the critical role of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) in ensuring the sustainable development of mega-constellations and argues that EIAs should be regarded as part of existing international space law. On the one hand, heightened environmental risks from space activities render EIAs increasingly relevant, if not indispensable, for implementing the obligations under Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty. On the other hand, while Article III of the Treaty enables the application of general international law on EIAs to outer space, its scope is constrained to activities that are likely to cause a significant adverse impact. The analysis also addresses the operationalization of EIAs with regard to mega-constellations by identifying the responsible state, assessing the significance of environmental impacts, articulating minimum standards, and developing appropriate mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Artificial Intelligence to Access Reproductive Healthcare Information by U.S. States Following Sexual Assault.","authors":"Cynthia A Stappenbeck, Olivia Westemeier, Shaniah Williams, Emily E Patton, Zoe Y Zong, Brennah V Ross, Anna K Peddle","doi":"10.1007/s10508-026-03608-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-026-03608-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is currently wide variability across U.S. states regarding the legality of abortion with some states having relatively open access to abortion services and others with a total or near total ban on abortion access. Further complicating these state-by-state differences is the variability in policies and procedures with regard to exemptions (e.g., rape, incest) that may allow women access to abortion services that otherwise would be banned in that state. Factors such as a victim's alcohol use at the time of rape and victim's rape acknowledgment may delay or prevent women from seeking medical care post-assault. To help navigate potential confusion regarding state-level policies and requirements to access abortion services following a rape in which they became pregnant, women may use Artificial Intelligence tools, including ChatGPT, for reproductive health care information. Thus, we sought to qualitatively examine information provided by ChatGPT-4o to women seeking information on how to access abortions in each state depending on their alcohol use and rape acknowledgment after finding out they are pregnant following a rape. Using data collected between October 31 and November 11, 2024, we systematically analyzed ChatGPT-4o's responses to abortion access requests across all 50 U.S. states using four prompts that varied by alcohol use and rape acknowledgment, and qualitatively coded responses for accuracy, helpfulness, and inclusion of empathic statements. Results revealed no significant differences in ChatGPT-4o responses across prompt conditions and one difference based on U.S. state level abortion access restriction. Responses in states with more severe restrictions were more likely to include information on rape exemptions than states with less restrictions in abortion access. However, responses often failed to include helpful information and statements reflective of empathic tone, which may exacerbate pre-existing disparities across U.S. states.</p>","PeriodicalId":8327,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Sexual Behavior","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149191102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}