理学最新文献

{"title":"Electromagnetic metamaterial agent","authors":"Shengguo Hu, Mingyi Li, Jiawen Xu, Hongrui Zhang, Shanghang Zhang, Tie Jun Cui, Philipp del Hougne, Lianlin Li","doi":"10.1038/s41377-024-01678-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-024-01678-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metamaterials have revolutionized wave control; in the last two decades, they evolved from passive devices via programmable devices to sensor-endowed self-adaptive devices realizing a user-specified functionality. Although deep-learning techniques play an increasingly important role in metamaterial inverse design, measurement post-processing and end-to-end optimization, their role is ultimately still limited to approximating specific mathematical relations; the metamaterial is still limited to serving as proxy of a human operator, realizing a predefined functionality. Here, we propose and experimentally prototype a paradigm shift toward a metamaterial agent (coined metaAgent) endowed with reasoning and cognitive capabilities enabling the autonomous planning and successful execution of diverse long-horizon tasks, including electromagnetic (EM) field manipulations and interactions with robots and humans. Leveraging recently released foundation models, metaAgent reasons in high-level natural language, acting upon diverse prompts from an evolving complex environment. Specifically, metaAgent’s cerebrum performs high-level task planning in natural language via a multi-agent discussion mechanism, where agents are domain experts in sensing, planning, grounding, and coding. In response to live environmental feedback within a real-world setting emulating an ambient-assisted living context (including human requests in natural language), our metaAgent prototype self-organizes a hierarchy of EM manipulation tasks in conjunction with commanding a robot. metaAgent masters foundational EM manipulation skills related to wireless communications and sensing, and it memorizes and learns from past experience based on human feedback.</p>","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142908264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced sensitivity via non-Hermitian topology","authors":"Midya Parto, Christian Leefmans, James Williams, Robert M. Gray, Alireza Marandi","doi":"10.1038/s41377-024-01667-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-024-01667-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sensors are indispensable tools of modern life that are ubiquitously used in diverse settings ranging from smartphones and autonomous vehicles to the healthcare industry and space technology. By interfacing multiple sensors that collectively interact with the signal to be measured, one can go beyond the signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) attainable by the individual constituting elements. Such techniques have also been implemented in the quantum regime, where a linear increase in the SNR has been achieved via using entangled states. Along similar lines, coupled non-Hermitian systems have provided yet additional degrees of freedom to obtain better sensors via higher-order exceptional points. Quite recently, a new class of non-Hermitian systems, known as non-Hermitian topological sensors (NTOS) has been theoretically proposed. Remarkably, the synergistic interplay between non-Hermiticity and topology is expected to bestow such sensors with an enhanced sensitivity that grows exponentially with the size of the sensor network. Here, we experimentally demonstrate NTOS using a network of photonic time-multiplexed resonators in the synthetic dimension represented by optical pulses. By judiciously programming the delay lines in such a network, we realize the archetypal Hatano-Nelson model for our non-Hermitian topological sensing scheme. Our experimentally measured sensitivities for different lattice sizes confirm the characteristic exponential enhancement of NTOS. We show that this peculiar response arises due to the combined synergy between non-Hermiticity and topology, something that is absent in Hermitian topological lattices. Our demonstration of NTOS paves the way for realizing sensors with unprecedented sensitivities.</p>","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142908266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metrology with a twist: probing and sensing with vortex light","authors":"Mingjian Cheng, Wenjie Jiang, Lixin Guo, Jiangting Li, Andrew Forbes","doi":"10.1038/s41377-024-01665-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-024-01665-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optical metrology is a well-established subject, dating back to early interferometry techniques utilizing light’s linear momentum through fringes. In recent years, significant interest has arisen in using vortex light with orbital angular momentum (OAM), where the phase twists around a singular vortex in space or time. This has expanded metrology’s boundaries to encompass highly sensitive chiral interactions between light and matter, three-dimensional motion detection via linear and rotational Doppler effects, and modal approaches surpassing the resolution limit for improved profiling and quantification. The intricate structure of vortex light, combined with the integration of artificial intelligence into optical metrology, unlocks new paradigms for expanding measurement frameworks through additional degrees of freedom, offering the potential for more efficient and accurate sensing and metrological advancements. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances and future trends in optical metrology with structured light, specifically focusing on how utilizing vortex beams has revolutionized metrology and remote sensing, transitioning from classical to quantum approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142908258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable astronomical observation system based on large-aperture concentric-ring metalens","authors":"Jianli Wang, Yongting Deng, Chengmiao Wang, Yu Lin, Yeming Han, Junchi Liu, Xiufeng Liu, Hongwen Li, Jan G. Korvink, Yongbo Deng","doi":"10.1038/s41377-024-01656-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-024-01656-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The core advantage of metalenses over traditional bulky lenses lies in their thin volume and lightweight. Nevertheless, as the application scenarios of metalenses extend to the macro-scale optical imaging field, a contradiction arises between the increasing demand for large-aperture metalenses and the synchronous rise in design and processing costs. In response to the application requirements of metalens with diameter reaching the order of 10⁴<i>λ</i> or even 10⁵<i>λ</i>, this paper proposes a novel design method for fixed-height concentric-ring metalenses, wherein, under the constraints of the processing technology, a subwavelength 2D building unit library is constructed based on different topological structures, and the overall cross-section of the metalens is assembled. Compared to global structural optimization, this approach reduces computational resources and time consumption by several orders of magnitude while maintaining nearly identical focusing efficiency. As a result, a concentric-ring metalens with a designed wavelength of 632.8 nm and a diameter of 46.8 mm was developed, and a quasi-telecentric telescope system composed of aperture stop and metalens was constructed, achieving high-resolution detection within a 20° field of view. In the subsequent experiments, the unique weak polarization dependence and narrowband adaptability of the meta-camera are quantitatively analyzed and tested, and excellent imaging results were finally obtained. Our work not only ensures the narrowband optical performance but also promotes the simplicity and light weight of the metalens based telescopic system, which further advances the deep application of large-diameter metalenses in the field of astronomical observation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142908260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-driven dengue fever outbreaks in Nepal: Trends, challenges, and strategies.","authors":"Chandan Kumar Thakur, Samita Adhikari, Meghnath Dhimal","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.95450","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.95450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue fever (DF) has become a major public health concern in Nepal, with increasing outbreaks in recent years. Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, this climate-sensitive viral disease presents a significant challenge for healthcare providers and policymakers. Since 2004, Nepal has experienced a sharp increase in DF cases, peaking in 2022 with 54784 cases and 88 deaths. The surge, driven mainly by serotypes 1, 2, and 3, is exacerbated by climate change, which prolongs mosquito breeding seasons due to warmer temperatures and increased rainfall. This trend has even impacted previously unaffected hilly regions. Effective dengue control strategies must focus on climate change adaptation, strengthening healthcare system reinforcement, raising public awareness, and enhancing vector control measures. Government initiatives, like the national dengue control program, play a critical role, but research and community engagement are also vital for prevention and early detection. Integrating climate resilience into public health efforts is essential to reducing the dengue burden in Nepal.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"13 4","pages":"95450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Albanian studies suggests the need for further efforts to counteract significant hepatitis B virus prevalence.","authors":"Jerina Jaho, Fatjona Kamberi, Enkeleint A Mechili, Agreta Bicaj, Paola Carnì, Leonardo Baiocchi","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.93721","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.93721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is categorized as one of the smallest enveloped DNA viruses and is the prototypical virus of the Hepatoviridae family. It is usually transmitted through body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. The majority (more than 95%) of immunocompetent adults infected with HBV spontaneously clear the infection. In the context of the high prevalence of HBV infection in Albania, the research gap is characterized by the lack of studies aimed at advancing the current understanding and improving the prevailing situation. The main objective of this study was to address the low rate of HBV diagnosis and the lack of a comprehensive national program to facilitate widespread diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To analyze the prevalence of HBV infection in Albania and elucidate the persistently high prevalence despite efforts and measures implemented.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a systematic literature review, we collected existing research on the epidemiology of HBV in Albania from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Albanian Medical Journals, focusing on studies published after the 1980s and conducted solely in the Albanian population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings reveal a dynamic shift in HBV prevalence in Albania over several decades. Initially high, the prevalence gradually declined following the implementation of screening and vaccination programs. However, the prevalence rates have remained notably high, exceeding 8% in recent years. Contributing factors include vertical transmission, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and challenges in screening and diagnosis. Studies among Albanian refugees in neighboring countries also reported high prevalence rates, emphasizing the need for transnational interventions. Despite advancements in screening, vaccination, and healthcare infrastructure, Albania continues to face a substantial burden of HBV infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The persistence of high prevalence underscores the complexity of the issue, requiring ongoing efforts to ensure a comprehensive understanding and effective mitigation. Addressing gaps in vaccination coverage, improving access to screening and diagnosis, and enhancing public awareness are crucial steps toward reducing HBV prevalence in Albania.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"13 4","pages":"93721"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change and the emergence and exacerbation of infectious diseases: A review.","authors":"Amal Ali, Asim Shaikh, Imran Sethi, Salim Surani","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.96476","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.96476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Experts expressed severe concerns over the possibility of increasing burden of infectious diseases as the planet's climate began to change years ago. There have been increased rates of climate-related catastrophes and as global temperatures rise, emergence of certain viruses has become a serious concern. Vectors are susceptible to changing temperatures as they exhibit innate responses to thermal stress to increase survivability. Climate change impacts virus reservoirs, increasing transmission rates of vectors. Vector-borne diseases have already witnessed increasing numbers compared to before. Certain non-endemic areas are encountering their first-ever infectious disease cases due to increasing temperatures. Tick-borne diseases are undergoing transformations provoking a heightened prevalence. Food-borne illnesses are expected to increase owing to warmer temperatures. It is important to recognize that climate change has a multivariable impact on the transmission of viruses. With climate change comes the potential of increasing interspecies interactions promoting jumps. These factors must be considered, and an informed strategy must be formulated. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are required to curb these diseases from spreading. Despite significant evidence that climate change affects infectious diseases, gaps in research exist. We conducted this review to identify the potential role climate change plays in the emergence of new viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"13 4","pages":"96476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of viruses in periodontitis: An extensive review of herpesviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, coronavirus-19, papillomavirus and hepatitis viruses.","authors":"Mohammed Khalid Mahmood, Mohammed Taib Fatih, Handren Ameer Kurda, Nwsiba Khalid Mahmood, Farman Uthman Shareef, Hemin Faraidun, Herve Tassery, Delphine Tardivo, Romain Lan, Zana Fuad Noori, Balen Hamid Qadir, Arman Dlshad Hassan","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.99070","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.99070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periodontitis is the inflammation of the supporting structures around the dentition. Several microbial agents, mostly bacteria, have been identified as causative factors for periodontal disease. On the other hand, oral cavity is a rich reservoir for viruses since it contains a wide variety of cell types that can be targeted by viruses. Traditionally, the focus of research about the oral flora has been on bacteria because the most widespread oral diseases, like periodontitis and dental caries, are outcomes of bacterial infection. However, recently and especially after the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019, there is a growing tendency toward including viruses also into the scope of oral microbiome investigations. The global high prevalence of periodontitis and viral infections may point out to a concomitant or synergistic effect between the two. Although the exact nature of the mechanism still is not clearly understood, this could be speculated through the manipulation of the immune system by viruses; hence facilitating the furthermore colonization of the oral tissues by bacteria. This review provides an extensive and detailed update on the role of the most common viruses including herpes family (herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus), Human papillomaviruses, Human immunodeficiency virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the initiation, progression and prognosis of periodontitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"13 4","pages":"99070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible viral agents to consider in the differential diagnosis of blepharoconjunctivitis.","authors":"Mutali Musa, Babatunde Ismail Bale, Ayuba Suleman, Gladness Aluyi-Osa, Ekele Chukwuyem, Fabiana D'Esposito, Caterina Gagliano, Antonio Longo, Andrea Russo, Marco Zeppieri","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.97867","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.97867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Blepharoconjunctivitis poses a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse etiology, including viral infections. Blepharoconjunctivits can be acute or chronic, self-limiting, or needing medical therapy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To review possible viral agents crucial for accurate differential diagnosis in cases of blepharoconjunctivitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The PubMed database was searched for records relating to viral blepharoconjunctivitis. The search string generated was \"(\"virally\"[All Fields] OR \"virals\"[All Fields] OR \"virology\"[MeSH Terms] OR \"virology\"[All Fields] OR \"viral\"[All Fields]) AND \"Blepharoconjunctivitis\"[All Fields]\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 24 publications were generated from the search string. Reference lists from each relevant article were also searched for more information and included in this review. Viral etiologies such as adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are frequently implicated. Adenoviral infections manifest with follicular conjunctivitis and preauricular lymphadenopathy, often presenting as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. HSV and VZV infections can result in herpetic keratitis and may exhibit characteristic dendritic corneal ulcers. EBV, although less common, can cause unilateral or bilateral follicular conjunctivitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Other potential viral agents, such as enteroviruses and molluscum contagiosum virus, should also be considered, especially in pediatric cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prompt recognition of these viral etiologies is essential for appropriate management and prevention of complications. Thus, a thorough understanding of the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and diagnostic modalities is crucial for accurate identification and management of viral blepharoconjunctivitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"13 4","pages":"97867"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral-host molecular interactions and metabolic modulation: Strategies to inhibit flaviviruses pathogenesis.","authors":"Zeeshan Ahmad Khan, Mukesh Kumar Yadav, Dong-Woo Lim, Hojun Kim, Jing-Hua Wang, AbuZar Ansari","doi":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.99110","DOIUrl":"10.5501/wjv.v13.i4.99110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flaviviruses, which include globally impactful pathogens, such as West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and dengue virus, contribute significantly to human infections. Despite the ongoing emergence and resurgence of flavivirus-mediated pathogenesis, the absence of specific therapeutic options remains a challenge in the prevention and treatment of flaviviral infections. Through the intricate processes of fusion, transcription, replication, and maturation, the complex interplay of viral and host metabolic interactions affects pathophysiology. Crucial interactions involve metabolic molecules, such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and nucleotides, each playing a pivotal role in the replication and maturation of flaviviruses. These viral-host metabolic molecular interactions hijack and modulate the molecular mechanisms of host metabolism. A comprehensive understanding of these intricate metabolic pathways offers valuable insights, potentially unveiling novel targets for therapeutic interventions against flaviviral pathogenesis. This review emphasizes promising avenues for the development of therapeutic agents that target specific metabolic molecules, such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and nucleotides, which interact with flavivirus replication and are closely linked to the modulation of host metabolism. The clinical limitations of current drugs have prompted the development of new inhibitory strategies for flaviviruses based on an understanding of the molecular interactions between the virus and the host.</p>","PeriodicalId":61903,"journal":{"name":"世界病毒学杂志(英文版)","volume":"13 4","pages":"99110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11551686/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}