理学最新文献

{"title":"Ultrafast triggering of strong coupling in a semiconductor terahertz Fabry-Pérot cavity","authors":"Soumitra Hazra, Hanna Turchinsky, Tal Schwartz, Sharly Fleischer","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02379-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02379-2","url":null,"abstract":"Strong light-matter coupling – the hybridization of material excitations with the electromagnetic modes of a photonic resonator, has led to striking modifications in the physical and chemical properties of materials, including their chemical reactivity. To date, experimental studies of these effects have been limited to steady-state conditions, namely long after the formation of polaritons. Here, we overcome this constraint by introducing an ultrafast, optically switchable Fabry–Pérot cavity that enables on-demand triggering of strong coupling with a switch-on time of just a few picoseconds. We demonstrate dynamic activation of strong coupling in the terahertz domain between a cavity mode and the collective vibration of crystalline α-lactose powder pellet embedded in the cavity. By photoexciting silicon-based cavity mirrors, we induce an abrupt spectral shift and linewidth narrowing of the photonic cavity mode alone – leading to a substantial increase in the Q-factor and tuning the cavity mode into resonance with the vibrational transition of the cavity-embedded material. This, in turn, enables ultrafast light-matter hybridization through the formation of vibrational polaritons. The ability to switch the cavity ‘on demand’ at picosecond timescales provides means to actively trigger strong light-matter coupling and to optically manipulate the coupling strength, offering new opportunities to study its dynamics and guide chemical reactivity.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148769343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new platform for achieving long-term air-stable long persistent luminescence in amorphous organic system","authors":"Zhenjiang Liu, Yunshu Meng, Zhihe Chi, Jia Ren, Ziang Song, Hui Zhang, Yu Tian, Yunsheng Wang, Jiaqiang Wang, Dan Li, Manman Fang, Zheng Zhao, Jie Yang, Ben Zhong Tang, Zhen Li","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02367-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02367-6","url":null,"abstract":"Organic long persistent luminescence (OLPL) materials are at the forefront of research, undergoing rapid evolution due to their extensive potential applications. The realization of hour-level OLPL, particularly an air-stable one, remains a significant challenge. Here, we developed a new platform to achieve long-term air-stable OLPL in an amorphous system through introducing flexible phosphorescence donors as hosts and electron acceptors with the ability to form stable radical anions as guests. Based on this platform, the regulations of OLPL duration times (1.6–7154.3 s) and emission colors (500–680 nm) were easily realized by enhancing the electron-withdrawing ability and increasing the doping concentration of guest molecules, respectively. Additionally, two kinds of non-aromatic chiral substituents were introduced into the phosphorescence hosts, and a rare phenomenon of air-stable circularly polarized organic long persistent luminescence (CP-OLPL) was successfully obtained.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148769176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-chip terahertz metasensor for quantitative multi-component biomolecular identification","authors":"Xitan Xu, Haoyu Duan, Yao Lu, Yuchen Zhang, Ziyang Zheng, Baohua Jia, Qiang Wu, Jingjun Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02427-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02427-x","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz (THz) metasensors are promising platforms for quantitative biomolecular fingerprint identification in physical, chemical, and biomedical applications. However, conventional free-space THz configurations are limited by their large size and susceptibility to external disturbances, hindering the development of compact and portable devices. Recent advances in on-chip THz metasensors harness miniaturization, yet existing implementations primarily focus on qualitative detection of single molecule types, lacking the capability for quantitative, multi-component analysis. Here, we present an on-chip THz metasensor fabricated on a self-supporting 20 μm-thick lithium niobate (LN) wafer, capable of both identification and quantification of multi-component biomolecular mixtures. By patterning a periodic metasurface array directly onto the LN substrate, our design integrates THz generation, molecular interaction, and signal detection into a single 4 mm × 8 mm chip, achieving a five-order-of-magnitude reduction in the size of the THz functional module relative to conventional THz time-domain spectroscopy systems. Leveraging broadband surface-localized THz waves from the metasurface, this chip accurately identifies and quantifies mixtures of four biomolecules with an error below 3.60%. This work advances THz fingerprint sensing by offering a robust and scalable platform as a portable solution for quantitative multi-component biomolecular analysis.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148769330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes energy metabolism in bovine granulosa cells through the FOXO1-ISG15 pathway to maintain the development of multiple follicles.","authors":"Huan Wang, Zhihui Hu, Huabin Zhu, Chao Wang, Jing An, Shanjiang Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s40104-026-01486-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-026-01486-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As a central regulator of follicular development, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is widely applied to induce synchronous multi-follicular growth in assisted reproductive technologies and livestock breeding. However, the molecular mechanism linking FSH signaling to synchronous multi-follicular development remains poorly defined. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which porcine purified pituitary FSH (pFSH) promotes translation of multiple follicles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, we established a mammalian model of multi-follicular development using pFSH and integrated single-cell transcriptomics with functional analyses, which uncovered a regulatory axis governing the metabolism and proliferation of granulosa cells (GCs). Treatment with pFSH significantly increased ovarian weight, the number of antral follicles-particularly small antral follicles (3-5 mm)-and circulating estradiol levels. Single-cell RNA sequencing of GCs from small antral follicles revealed that pFSH markedly enhanced the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, especially the oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial electron transport chain pathways, while concurrently downregulating FOXO1 expression. Mechanistically, pFSH activated the PI3K/AKT pathway to drive phosphorylation of FOXO1 at Ser267, a modification that is required for GC proliferation and metabolic activation. Overexpression of the dephosphorylated mutant FOXO1(S267A) abolished the pFSH-induced increases in GC proliferation, glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production, highlighting a central role of FOXO1 phosphorylation in mediating FSH responses. RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses further identified ISG15 as a direct transcriptional target of FOXO1. Upon binding to the promoter region, FOXO1 activates ISG15 expression, linking FSH signaling to an interferon-related pathway and metabolic regulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Collectively, this study revealed the pivotal role of the pFSH-FOXO1-ISG15 regulatory axis in orchestrating GC metabolic reprogramming and synchronous multi-follicular development. These finding provide a conceptual framework to clarify how endocrine signals integrate with metabolic and immune pathways to regulate reproductive processes, with potential implications to improve assisted reproduction and livestock productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13465301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148714636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic exposure during weaning disrupts oral microbiota assembly in piglets.","authors":"Cuipeng Zhu, Ping Hu, Peng Yuan, Jiajun Yu, Miaonan Zhu, Kennedy J Ogamune, Hao Huang, In Ho Kim, Tlou G Manyelo, Abdelkareem A Ahmed, Demin Cai, Haoyu Liu","doi":"10.1186/s40104-026-01483-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-026-01483-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of antibiotics in swine production during the stressful weaning period is widespread. While their impact on the gut microbiome is documented, their effect on the developing oral microbiota, a critical gateway to systemic health, remains poorly understood. This study investigated how chronic exposure to tylosin (TYL) or a chlortetracycline-sulfadiazine-penicillin combination (CSP) shapes oral microbiota assembly in piglets from 21 to 60 days of age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Healthy piglets exhibited a defined ecological succession, transitioning from an early, Pseudomonadota-dominated types of oral microbiota, or referred to as orotypes (driven by Moraxellaceae) at weaning to a stable, mature Bacillota-dominated state (driven by Lachnospiraceae) by 40 days of age. Antibiotic exposure disrupted this developmental program. CSP treatment locked the microbiota in an immature, Pseudomonadota-dominated state, while TYL promoted a dispersed and unstable Bacillota community. Dysbiosis was marked by enrichment of pathobionts (e.g., Moraxella, Bergeyella) and depletion of beneficial commensals like Veillonella and Phocaeicola, with the latter reduced in both the oral and gut microbiota. These structural shifts were linked to dysregulated microbial energy and lipid metabolism. Crucially, antibiotics compromised mucosal immunity, reducing salivary secretory IgA (SIgA), and provoked inflammation, evidenced by elevated salivary extracellular ATP (eATP), histological damage and transcriptome alteration in oral tissue, and changed serum metabolites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that early-life antibiotic exposure disrupts the developmental programming of the oral ecosystem. The oral microbiota serves as a sensitive indicator of antibiotic impact and a key mediator of systemic health, highlighting the need for strategies that safeguard microbial succession to promote sustainable swine health.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148708600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary theabrownins alleviate age-related declines in productive performance and egg quality by improving intestinal health in laying hens.","authors":"Li Zhang, Wenwen Xu, Keying Zhang, Xuemei Ding, Qiufeng Zeng, Shiping Bai, Jingbo Liu, Jianping Wang","doi":"10.1186/s40104-026-01480-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-026-01480-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The late laying period is often accompanied by declines in productive performance, egg quality, and intestinal health in hens. This study used a 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the effects of dietary theabrownins (TB), bioactive polyphenols derived from dark tea, on production performance, egg quality, intestinal health, and cecal microbiota in 47- and 67-week-old laying hens. A total of 192 Lohmann Gray hens were fed diets containing 0 or 100 mg/kg TB for 12 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant age × TB interactions were observed for average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.005), eggshell thickness (P = 0.001), jejunal villus height (P = 0.005), and TJP2 expression (P = 0.029). Compared with 47-week-old hens, 67-week-old hens had higher egg weight, feed-to-egg ratio, and unqualified egg rate, but lower laying rate, egg mass, Haugh unit, and eggshell strength (all P < 0.01). TB supplementation increased laying rate (P < 0.001), egg mass (P = 0.003), Haugh unit (P = 0.015), eggshell strength (P = 0.010), and albumen height (P = 0.018), while reducing feed-to-egg ratio (P = 0.003). TB also improved jejunal morphology by increasing villus height and reducing crypt depth, enhanced antioxidant capacity by increasing T-AOC (P = 0.002) and GST activity (P = 0.025), and upregulated jejunal TJP2 expression in older hens. In addition, TB decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio (P < 0.001) and enriched Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 abundance. Notably, correlation analysis showed that Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 was positively correlated with intestinal antioxidant indices, whereas productive and egg quality traits were significantly associated with intestinal structural and functional indicators.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dietary TB supplementation partly alleviated age-related declines in productive performance and egg quality in laying hens, possibly through improving intestinal health and modulating cecal microbiota. Notably, the TB-enriched genus Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 was positively associated with intestinal antioxidant indices, suggesting a potential microbial link to the intestinal benefits of TB in aged laying hens. These findings support the potential application of TB as a functional feed additive to help maintain intestinal health and productive performance in aged laying hens.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13455484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148703023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fisetin alleviates zinc overload-induced intestinal injury by inhibiting ferroptosis and remodeling gut microbiota in weaned piglets.","authors":"Feifei Huang, Yuhang Deng, Mohan Zhou, Huangen Xu, Jie Feng","doi":"10.1186/s40104-026-01481-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-026-01481-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High doses of zinc oxide (ZnO) effectively prevent post-weaning diarrhea and promote growth in weaned piglets, but raise concerns over intestinal injury, metabolic disorders, and risks of fostering bacterial resistance. This study aimed to identify non-chelating polyphenols capable of mitigating zinc toxicity and to elucidate their protective mechanisms, with emphasis on ferroptosis inhibition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Network toxicology predicted ferroptosis as a central mechanism in zinc-induced intestinal injury, which was confirmed in intestinal epithelial cells where zinc overload specifically induced ferroptosis without activating apoptosis, necroptosis, or autophagy. From multiple polyphenols, fisetin (FIS) was identified as a non-chelating candidate that alleviated zinc-induced cytotoxicity, preserved tight junction proteins, and activated the Nrf2-GPX4 axis to inhibit ferroptosis in vitro. In zinc-overloaded weaned piglets, FIS supplementation maintained the growth-promoting effects of high-dose zinc while ameliorating intestinal damage. FIS also attenuated oxidative stress, alleviated inflammation, and inhibited ferroptosis in the jejunum. Furthermore, FIS remodeled the gut microbiota, enriching beneficial taxa Romboutsia (positively correlated with growth performance) and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 (positively correlated with the p-Nrf2/Nrf2 ratio), while suppressing the zinc-enriched Anaerovibrio (negatively correlated with GPX4 protein expression). FIS also shifted microbial metabolic pathways toward amino acid and terpenoid metabolism, potentially contributing to the observed ferroptosis defense.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FIS alleviates high-dose ZnO-induced intestinal injury in weaned piglets through dual modulation, activating the Nrf2-GPX4 axis to inhibit ferroptosis and remodeling the gut microbiota to reinforce this defense. By preserving the growth benefits of zinc while mitigating its toxicity, FIS represents a promising nutritional strategy for sustainable swine production.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13453087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148698493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly efficient dual-channel doublet emission in lanthanide cerium(III) complex","authors":"Yujia Li, Peiyu Fang, Zeyou Xiong, Jiayin Zheng, Huanyu Liu, Rubing Bai, Zuqiang Bian, Zhiwei Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02377-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02377-4","url":null,"abstract":"Dual-channel luminescent materials are attractive due to their unique electronic structures and potential applications in various fields. Different from traditional dual-channel emitters with closed-shell structure showing singlet fluorescence and/or triplet phosphorescence, we demonstrate herein dual-channel cerium(III) complexes with open-shell structure showing doublet 5d-4f emission from the central Ce(III) ion. By systematically designing and studying a series of cerium(III) complexes Ce(Tp^4Me)(Bp^4Me)₂, Ce(Tp^4Me)₂(Bp^4Me) and Ce(Tp^4R)₃ (R = Me, Cl, I) with gradually varied coordination numbers from seven to eight and nine, respectively, it is found that the nine-coordinated complexes Ce(Tp^4R)₃ showed crowded coordination environments and longer coordination bonds, which underwent a coordination structural relaxation after high energy light excitation, resulting in a new channel emission. This work demonstrates an intriguing dual-channel doublet emission phenomenon in lanthanide Ce(III) complexes and will inspire new insights both into the design of novel lanthanide-based luminescent materials and dual-channel luminescent materials.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148688026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully tunable on-chip meta-generator for multidimensional Poincaré sphere mapping","authors":"Shuang Zheng, Jing Luan, Tiange Wu, Liheng Yi, Zhenyu Wan, Qi Tian, Yuan Meng, Yijie Shen, Kaiyuan Wang, Liangjia Zong, Li Shen, Deming Liu, Ming Tang, Jian Wang, Minming Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41377-026-02364-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-026-02364-9","url":null,"abstract":"The angular momentum of light can be elegantly mapped onto high-order Poincaré spheres, providing a powerful framework for describing structured light beams. Such beams have shown extraordinary potential across diverse applications, including high-capacity optical communications, precision metrology, and quantum information processing. While various methods exist for generating structured light beams, the dynamic synthesis and flexible control of arbitrary vectorial states on diverse, multidimensional Poincaré spheres still rely on bulky free-space optical components, posing significant challenges for scalability and integration. To date, a fully tunable solution implemented on a single photonic chip has yet to be realized. Here, we present the first fully tunable on-chip meta-generator capable of dynamically mapping arbitrary scalar, vectorial, and hybrid modes across multiple Poincaré spheres, and extendable to higher-dimensional Poincaré hyperspheres within a four-dimensional Hilbert space. Our device is implemented on an eight-channel space-multiplexed multimode silicon photonic integrated circuit, where densely integrated mode multiplexers, amplitude–phase modulators, and an inverse-designed multimode meta-waveguide together enable compact, precise, and programmable control of structured light. The multimode meta-waveguide directly maps eight on-chip guided modes to orbital angular momentum (OAM), supporting broadband generation of high-purity OAM modes with diverse polarization states and topological charges. By simultaneously engineering amplitude, phase, polarization, and topological charge, we achieve full-field control over OAM mode bases, enabling fully tunable access to arbitrary scalar and vectorial states across more than eight distinct Poincaré spheres. This work represents a significant step toward reconfigurable on-chip manipulation of multidimensional Poincaré spheres, paving the way for advanced applications in optical communications, quantum photonics, and beyond.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148687756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From linear models to deep learning: statistical advances in genomic selection for animal breeding.","authors":"Lifei Zhang, Mingzhu Zhang, Xinle Wang, Cancan Chen, Shunzhe Wang, Yujie Zhao, Yanjun Zhang, Ruijun Wang, Yongbin Liu","doi":"10.1186/s40104-026-01477-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40104-026-01477-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genomic selection (GS) has revolutionized animal breeding by accelerating genetic gain through genome-wide marker data. As genotyping technologies advance and data dimensionality grows, the statistical foundations of GS are shifting from classical linear frameworks, which assume additive genetic effects, toward advanced computational models that capture complex nonlinear relationships in genomic data. The commercialization of genotyping arrays for livestock and poultry, coupled with steadily declining sequencing costs, has led to an exponential increase in the availability of high-density genomic data. However, challenges persist, including scenarios where the number of genetic markers far exceeds the number of samples with phenotypic data, and the growing complexity of relationships within genomic data. These issues significantly limit the applicability of traditional evaluation models. In parallel, computational power has increased significantly over the last few decades, providing the capacity necessary for highly complex analyses. While traditional linear mixed models provide a robust framework for incorporating biological priors and modeling additive genetic effects, they often rely on simplified assumptions. In contrast, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, which do not rely on predefined parametric models, are well-suited to capturing complex nonlinear relationships and offer effective solutions to the aforementioned challenges. This review provides a comprehensive overview of GS methodologies. We first cover the statistical foundations of linear mixed and Bayesian models, and then survey modern ML and DL approaches. We discuss the assumptions, advantages, and limitations of each method and, by comparing the computational efficiency and predictive accuracy of these diverse approaches, aim to provide practical guidance for optimizing genomic evaluation strategies in the era of big data breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":64067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13449407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}