Yueyi Zhang,Fengyuan Han,Yibing Xiao,Ziwen Zhang,Jitao Yang,Yulu Lei,Fei Gao,Hongsheng Chen,Chao-Hai Du
{"title":"广义斯涅尔定律中的失谐动力学:揭示梯度超表面的全通道特性。","authors":"Yueyi Zhang,Fengyuan Han,Yibing Xiao,Ziwen Zhang,Jitao Yang,Yulu Lei,Fei Gao,Hongsheng Chen,Chao-Hai Du","doi":"10.1038/s41377-025-02009-3","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The conventional generalized Snell's law (GSL), derived from classical laws of optical reflection and refraction, governs wavefront manipulation via phase gradients but neglects higher-order spatial harmonics inherently excited by the mutual coupling among meta-atoms on a metasurface. Here, we introduce a spatial harmonic-expanded GSL (SH-GSL) framework by unifying phase-gradient control with Floquet periodicity, establishing spatial harmonics as independent degrees of freedom rather than conventional parasitic disturbances. The SH-GSL framework rigorously identifies the intrinsic harmonic dynamics inherent to metasurfaces, which is a critical feature absent in GSL. Furthermore, this framework further reveals that all gradient-phase metasurfaces inherently function as multichannel platforms due to full spatial harmonics, with this multifunctionality rooted in nonlocal Floquet-Bloch modal interactions. Experimental validation demonstrates: abnormal spatial-harmonic reflection with angular precision ( < 5° deviation), multi-beam splitting (dual/quad configurations) via the relationship between specific harmonics and compensation wave vectors, and a perfect three-channel retroreflector achieving up to 99% efficiency, where parasitic harmonics are confined to near-field plasmonic regimes. This framework establishes a deterministic Floquet-engineered momentum compensation mechanism to simultaneously activate target harmonic channels while confining parasitic harmonics to near-field plasmonic regimes. Experimental validation confirms the framework's accuracy and scalability, bridging momentum-space physics with practical meta-plasmon systems. This work redefines metasurface engineering paradigms, unlocking advancements in ultra-dense beamforming, sensing, and meta-photonics through harmonic-division multiplexing.","PeriodicalId":18069,"journal":{"name":"Light-Science & Applications","volume":"76 1","pages":"321"},"PeriodicalIF":23.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Missing harmonic dynamics in generalized Snell's law: revealing full-channel characteristics of gradient metasurfaces.\",\"authors\":\"Yueyi Zhang,Fengyuan Han,Yibing Xiao,Ziwen Zhang,Jitao Yang,Yulu Lei,Fei Gao,Hongsheng Chen,Chao-Hai Du\",\"doi\":\"10.1038/s41377-025-02009-3\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The conventional generalized Snell's law (GSL), derived from classical laws of optical reflection and refraction, governs wavefront manipulation via phase gradients but neglects higher-order spatial harmonics inherently excited by the mutual coupling among meta-atoms on a metasurface. Here, we introduce a spatial harmonic-expanded GSL (SH-GSL) framework by unifying phase-gradient control with Floquet periodicity, establishing spatial harmonics as independent degrees of freedom rather than conventional parasitic disturbances. The SH-GSL framework rigorously identifies the intrinsic harmonic dynamics inherent to metasurfaces, which is a critical feature absent in GSL. Furthermore, this framework further reveals that all gradient-phase metasurfaces inherently function as multichannel platforms due to full spatial harmonics, with this multifunctionality rooted in nonlocal Floquet-Bloch modal interactions. Experimental validation demonstrates: abnormal spatial-harmonic reflection with angular precision ( < 5° deviation), multi-beam splitting (dual/quad configurations) via the relationship between specific harmonics and compensation wave vectors, and a perfect three-channel retroreflector achieving up to 99% efficiency, where parasitic harmonics are confined to near-field plasmonic regimes. This framework establishes a deterministic Floquet-engineered momentum compensation mechanism to simultaneously activate target harmonic channels while confining parasitic harmonics to near-field plasmonic regimes. Experimental validation confirms the framework's accuracy and scalability, bridging momentum-space physics with practical meta-plasmon systems. This work redefines metasurface engineering paradigms, unlocking advancements in ultra-dense beamforming, sensing, and meta-photonics through harmonic-division multiplexing.\",\"PeriodicalId\":18069,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Light-Science & Applications\",\"volume\":\"76 1\",\"pages\":\"321\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":23.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-15\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Light-Science & Applications\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1089\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02009-3\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"OPTICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Light-Science & Applications","FirstCategoryId":"1089","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-02009-3","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"OPTICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Missing harmonic dynamics in generalized Snell's law: revealing full-channel characteristics of gradient metasurfaces.
The conventional generalized Snell's law (GSL), derived from classical laws of optical reflection and refraction, governs wavefront manipulation via phase gradients but neglects higher-order spatial harmonics inherently excited by the mutual coupling among meta-atoms on a metasurface. Here, we introduce a spatial harmonic-expanded GSL (SH-GSL) framework by unifying phase-gradient control with Floquet periodicity, establishing spatial harmonics as independent degrees of freedom rather than conventional parasitic disturbances. The SH-GSL framework rigorously identifies the intrinsic harmonic dynamics inherent to metasurfaces, which is a critical feature absent in GSL. Furthermore, this framework further reveals that all gradient-phase metasurfaces inherently function as multichannel platforms due to full spatial harmonics, with this multifunctionality rooted in nonlocal Floquet-Bloch modal interactions. Experimental validation demonstrates: abnormal spatial-harmonic reflection with angular precision ( < 5° deviation), multi-beam splitting (dual/quad configurations) via the relationship between specific harmonics and compensation wave vectors, and a perfect three-channel retroreflector achieving up to 99% efficiency, where parasitic harmonics are confined to near-field plasmonic regimes. This framework establishes a deterministic Floquet-engineered momentum compensation mechanism to simultaneously activate target harmonic channels while confining parasitic harmonics to near-field plasmonic regimes. Experimental validation confirms the framework's accuracy and scalability, bridging momentum-space physics with practical meta-plasmon systems. This work redefines metasurface engineering paradigms, unlocking advancements in ultra-dense beamforming, sensing, and meta-photonics through harmonic-division multiplexing.