物理最新文献

{"title":"Shapes are not enough: CONSERVAttack and its use for finding vulnerabilities and uncertainties in machine learning applications","authors":"Philip Bechtle,&nbsp;Lucie Flek,&nbsp;Philipp Alexander Jung,&nbsp;Akbar Karimi,&nbsp;Timo Saala,&nbsp;Alexander Schmidt,&nbsp;Matthias Schott,&nbsp;Philipp Soldin,&nbsp;Christopher Wiebusch,&nbsp;Ulrich Willemsen","doi":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16351-2","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16351-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In High Energy Physics, as in many other fields of science, the application of machine learning techniques has been crucial in advancing our understanding of fundamental phenomena. Increasingly, deep learning models are applied to analyze both simulated and experimental data. In most experiments, a rigorous regime of testing for physically motivated systematic uncertainties is in place. The numerical evaluation of these tests for differences between the data on the one side and simulations on the other side quantifies the effect of potential sources of mismodelling on the machine learning output. In addition, thorough comparisons of marginal distributions and (linear) feature correlations between data and simulation in “control regions” are applied. However, the guidance by physical motivation, and the need to constrain comparisons to specific regions, does not guarantee that all possible sources of deviations have been accounted for. We therefore propose a new adversarial attack – the CONSERVAttack – designed to exploit the remaining space of hypothetical deviations between simulation and data after the above mentioned tests. The resulting adversarial perturbations are consistent within the uncertainty bounds — evading standard validation checks — while successfully fooling the underlying model. We further propose strategies to mitigate such vulnerabilities and argue that robustness to adversarial effects must be considered when interpreting results from deep learning in particle physics.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":788,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal C","volume":"86 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16351-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous Nernst effect as a vector probe of dual magnetic anisotropy in a Co2MnAl Heusler-alloy thin film","authors":"Margarida Ferreira,&nbsp;João Rodrigues,&nbsp;Arthur L. R. Souza,&nbsp;Marcio A. Correa,&nbsp;Artur de Morais,&nbsp;Julian Geshev,&nbsp;Martin Andritschky,&nbsp;Filipe Vaz,&nbsp;Ricardo Simoes,&nbsp;Armando Ferreira","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10350-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10350-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Angular-dependent magnetization and anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) measurements were combined to investigate the relationship between in-plane magnetic anisotropy and thermomagnetic response in an as-deposited 60 nm Co₂MnAl thin film produced by DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The magnetic hysteresis loops exhibit a two-step reversal process, comprising a gradual magnetization rotation followed by a sharper switching event, consistent with two effective uniaxial anisotropy contributions. The angular-dependent ANE curves display pronounced changes in amplitude and shape, reflecting the sensitivity of the measured voltage to the magnetization component transverse to the electrical contacts. When the magnetic field is applied along the voltage-contact axis, the maximum ANE voltage increases linearly with the applied temperature difference, reaching approximately <span>(:33text{}mu:text{V})</span> at <span>(:{Delta:}T=30text{}text{K}:)</span>and yielding an effective voltage responsivity of <span>(S_{eff}=1.09;mu VK^{-1})</span>. Using the estimated temperature difference across the CMA layer, an anomalous Nernst coefficient of <span>(S_{ANE}=0.30;mu VK^{-1})</span>was obtained. Theoretical calculations based on two ferromagnetically exchange-coupled macrospins with distinct uniaxial anisotropies reproduce the principal field- and angle-dependent features of both the magnetization and ANE responses, whereas a purely uniaxial model is insufficient to describe the experimental behavior. These results establish the combined use of magnetometry and angular-dependent ANE measurements as a vector-sensitive approach for probing dual-anisotropy magnetization reversal in structurally disordered Co₂MnAl thin films.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic-flux-controlled exceptional curve in a SWCNT microtoroid","authors":"Fang-Yu Hong","doi":"10.1140/epjd/s10053-026-01268-y","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjd/s10053-026-01268-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We develop a microscopic theory for realizing flux-programmable exceptional-curve dynamics in a hybrid platform composed of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) microtoroid and a nearby nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. The Aharonov–Bohm flux shifts the two counterpropagating chiral cavity modes in opposite directions, while the chiral NV coupling generates directional mode conversion. By adiabatically eliminating the NV excited state in the dispersive regime, we derive flux-dependent nonreciprocal couplings <span>(J_{12}(Phi )=J_0+alpha _JPhi /Phi _0)</span> and <span>(J_{21}(Phi )=J_0-alpha _JPhi /Phi _0)</span>, which lead to an effective non-Hermitian two-mode Hamiltonian supporting an exceptional point. We demonstrate that while the exact exceptional curve requires simultaneous tuning of the coherent coupling and magnetic flux, a minimum-splitting trajectory tracked via a single flux sweep closely approaches this non-Hermitian degeneracy, manifesting itself in the transmission spectrum through mode coalescence, linewidth bifurcation, and collapse of the doublet resonance. These results provide a concrete microscopic route for engineering and probing exceptional-curve dynamics in chiral SWCNT-based quantum photonic devices.</p><p>Magnetic-flux-controlled exceptional curve in a SWCNT microtoroidMagnetic-flux-controlled exceptional curve in a SWCNT microtoroid</p>","PeriodicalId":789,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal D","volume":"80 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulating a chirped Gaussian soliton with third-order dispersion","authors":"Yang Wang,&nbsp;Weijia Zhao,&nbsp;Yangyang Peng,&nbsp;Xiangxin Wang,&nbsp;Liyuan Ye,&nbsp;Yan Zhou","doi":"10.1140/epjb/s10051-026-01285-1","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjb/s10051-026-01285-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As optical soliton propagates in optical fiber system, higher-order dispersion plays an important role when optical soliton’s higher-order dispersion length is less than or equal to second-order dispersion length. In this study, a chirped Gaussian soliton with consideration of third-order dispersion is theoretically modulated, in a single-mode optical fiber system. Six different parameters of the propagated chirped Gaussian soliton are varied, to modulate input soliton’s temporal and frequency properties. Output pulse shapes and optical spectra that after modulation have unique variation characteristics in orthogonally polarized directions, as different soliton parameters change. For example, it is found that through changing propagation distances and pulse chirps of separated orthogonal components, oscillated pulse tails may occur for both output orthogonal components. Orthogonal output optical spectra maintain their states under the variations of propagation distances, while obvious changes (peak intensities and bandwidths) may occur for output orthogonal optical spectra when pulse chirps change. This study further explores the influence of higher-order dispersion on extra-cavity modulating solitons that propagate in nonlinear optical systems.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":787,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal B","volume":"99 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed-assisted orientation engineering of solution-processed Sb2S3 films for efficient solar cells","authors":"Yongsheng Chen,&nbsp;Shiyao Gu,&nbsp;Saad Ullah,&nbsp;Hong Lian,&nbsp;Firoz Khan,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Wang,&nbsp;Shi-e Yang,&nbsp;Ping Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10360-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10360-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sb₂S₃ is a promising eco-friendly semiconductor for high-performance solar cells, however its potential is limited by growth orientation-induced non-radiative recombination and carrier scattering. In this study, the growth parameters of Sb₂S₃ films are compared to those of traditional and seeding-assisted spin-coating techniques, and a growth mechanism is proposed. In-depth investigations are performed to identify how annealing temperatures, spin-coating cycles, and seeding-layer concentration affect the microstructure, crystallinity, preferred orientation, optical characteristics, and photovoltaic performance. X-ray diffraction data showed that adding a seeding layer promotes the growth of Sb₂S₃ crystallites with [hk1] orientation while reducing the undesirable [hk0] orientation. Morphological investigations showed that the seeding-assisted approach promotes grain growth, film compactness, and structural consistency. Additionally, a qualitative growth mechanism based on critical particle size (r₀) and interfacial binding energy is proposed to better understand orientation transition behavior. The seeding layer enhances interfacial contacts between the seed and absorber layers, increasing r₀. For Sb₂S₃ films formed on FTO substrates, the crystallite size is predicted to be 15 nm. The increased crystallite size and steady growth of strongly [hk1]-oriented Sb₂S₃ films lead to improved charge transport characteristics, reduced carrier recombination, and enhanced optical absorption. As a result, the corresponding solar cells show increased photovoltaic performance, notably in terms of fill factor and open-circuit voltage. This study provides a simple and scalable method to improve the performance of solution-processed Sb₂S₃ solar cells, as well as valuable insights into orientation engineering and growth regulation of quasi-one-dimensional chalcogenide semiconductors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled phase-field and lattice Boltzmann modeling of dendritic growth and bubble entrapment during solidification of an Al–4.5 wt.% Cu alloy","authors":"Zhiming Gao,&nbsp;Chuangxin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongtang Gao,&nbsp;Sainan Liu,&nbsp;Yan Liu,&nbsp;Chuanwei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10333-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10333-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A coupled phase-field/lattice Boltzmann (PF-LBM) framework was employed to investigate the migration, deformation, and entrapment of initially prescribed bubbles during dendritic solidification of an Al–4.5 wt.% Cu alloy. Solidification experiments combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) were performed to characterize the pore morphologies and provide experimental comparison with the numerical predictions. The interactions between dendritic growth and the migration and entrapment of pre-existing bubbles under convective conditions were examined. The interactions between bubble dynamics and dendritic growth in multiphase flow were simulated using a coupled Shan–Chen multiphase flow model and a phase-field lattice Boltzmann (PF-LBM) model. The buoyancy-driven behaviors of bubbles, including rising, deformation, breakup, and coalescence, were found to be strongly influenced by the melt Reynolds number(Re) and Eötvös number(Eo). A reduction in surface tension significantly intensified bubble deformation. During the interaction between bubbles and dendrites, the migration velocity of bubbles gradually decreased and eventually approached zero due to the blocking effect of the growing dendrites, accompanied by pronounced changes in bubble morphology. Furthermore, the coupled evolution behavior of bubbles and dendrites in multiphase flow was strongly dependent on the solidification mode. Under equiaxed solidification conditions, bubbles were confined within interdendritic spaces and exhibited isolated, nearly spherical morphologies as a result of the spatial constriction imposed by multidirectional dendritic growth. In contrast, under columnar solidification conditions, bubbles migrated along the direction of heat flow, where they were pushed and eventually captured by dendrite tips, leading to the formation of elongated pore morphologies aligned with the dendritic growth direction. SEM and XCT observations further revealed isolated and randomly distributed pores within the equiaxed dendritic structure, whereas elongated and directionally distributed pores were observed within the columnar dendritic structure. Quantitative XCT analysis further revealed estimated mean pore sphericities of 0.76 and 0.66 within the equiaxed and columnar dendritic structures, respectively. These experimental findings support the distinct morphological trends predicted by the numerical simulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TH-C16: a first-principles study of a new 2D tetrahexagonal carbon and its BN-doped derivatives","authors":"Wentao Li","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10359-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10359-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exploring novel two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotropes, as well as clarifying the relationship between distinctive networks and associate properties, are essential for the development of next-generation carbon-based nanodevices. Herein, a novel 2D carbon allotrope with periodically arranged tetragonal and hexagonal carbon rings is theoretically predicted and named <i>TH-C16</i>. This new carbon allotrope possesses a distinct buckled morphology, stemming from the <i>sp</i>^<i>3</i>-hybridized carbon atoms. The robust structural stability of the <i>TH-C16</i> framework is comprehensively validated via cohesive energy calculations, phonon dispersion analysis, mechanical elastic constant evaluation, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Owing to the anisotropic geometry, <i>TH-C16</i> exhibits orientation-dependent mechanical behaviors and displays either brittle or ductile features under different in-plane strain directions. Moreover, <i>TH-C16</i> is intrinsically metallic, with electronic states near the Fermi level predominantly contributed by carbon atoms within <i>sp</i>^<i>2</i>-hybridized tetragonal rings. Compressive strain can induce an indirect bandgap in this 2D carbon framework, whereas substituting the <i>sp</i>^<i>2</i>-hybridized tetragonal carbon rings with BN units yields a wide direct bandgap. Furthermore, both the pristine all-carbon network and its semiconducting BN-doped derivative exhibit notable optical anisotropy within the visible-light spectrum. This work not only enriches the family of 2D carbon allotropes but also provides promising material candidates for the design and fabrication of advanced carbon-based nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of axion interactions on quark stars in 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity","authors":"Rui Zhou,&nbsp;Ming-zheng-xuan Wu,&nbsp;Xin-ran Yang,&nbsp;Chong-long Xie,&nbsp;Min Zhou,&nbsp;Zhi-yang Liu,&nbsp;Shi-jun Mao,&nbsp;Guo-yun Shao","doi":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16435-z","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16435-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We explore the properties of quark stars by combining the microscopic axion-extended Polyakov–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model with the macroscopic framework of four-dimensional Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet (4D EGB) gravity. Specifically, axion effects are incorporated through the background phase <span>(theta =a/f_a)</span> in the thermodynamics of quark matter. Our results show that the inclusion of axion-induced interactions stiffens the quark-matter equation of state, thereby increasing the sound speed and the maximum mass of quark stars. The 4D EGB correction effectively weakens gravitational compression and further modifies the stellar structure, allowing for larger radii and higher maximum masses while reducing the compactness and the surface gravitational redshift. The combined effects can support quark stars above <span>(2,M_odot ,)</span> with mass–radius sequences overlapping the observational regions in the indicative phenomenological comparison. These findings reveal that the interplay between axion-induced modifications of dense quark matter and 4D EGB gravity may provide a viable phenomenological framework for describing massive quark stars.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":788,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal C","volume":"86 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-16435-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probing the mechanical response of MAPbI₃ and FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃ perovskite single crystals using nanoindentation","authors":"Murthy D. Srinivas,&nbsp;Sudhanshu Mallick,&nbsp;Parag Bhargava","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10356-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10356-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organic–inorganic metal halide (OIMH) perovskite single crystals have emerged as promising materials for next-generation photovoltaic applications owing to their superior optoelectronic properties and reduced defect density compared to thin-film counterparts. In this study, the structural, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of MAPbI₃ and mixed-cation FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃ single crystals were systematically investigated. The crystals were synthesized using inverse temperature crystallization and modified inverse temperature crystallization methods. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed optical band gaps of approximately 1.45 eV for MAPbI₃ and 1.44 eV for FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃, indicating their suitability as efficient solar absorbers. Photoluminescence analysis demonstrated enhanced emission intensity and reduced defect density in the mixed-cation crystal. Thermogravimetric analysis showed improved thermal stability for FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃, which remained stable up to 282 °C, compared to 215 °C for MAPbI₃. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of high-quality grain-boundary-free single crystals with excellent crystallinity. Nanoindentation measurements revealed orientation-dependent mechanical behavior in MAPbI₃, with Young’s modulus values of 18.18 ± 1.23 GPa and 17.58 ± 2.01 GPa for the (100) and (112) planes, respectively. The mixed-cation FA₀.₈₅MA₀.₁₅PbI₃ exhibited higher stiffness and hardness, with a Young’s modulus of 21.16 ± 6.23 GPa and hardness of 1.04 ± 0.23 GPa. Energy-based fracture toughness analysis indicated enhanced crack resistance in the mixed-cation crystal. Furthermore, load-dependent, and creep nanoindentation studies revealed significant indentation size effects and time-dependent deformation. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the mechanical reliability of perovskite single crystals and highlight the advantages of cation engineering for durable and high-performance perovskite solar cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of spinel iron-oxide nanoparticles from indonesian iron sand by high-energy ball milling","authors":"Zahra Ashur Said Mahraz,&nbsp;Puzi Anigrahawati,&nbsp;E. S. Sazali,&nbsp;M. R. Sahar","doi":"10.1007/s00339-026-10308-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-026-10308-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were prepared from Indonesian iron sand using high-energy ball milling (HEBM) for 3 and 6 h. The structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the resulting IONPs were investigated using XRD, TEM, FTIR, FESEM, and VSM. The XRD patterns exhibited major reflections consistent with a magnetite-type spinel iron-oxide structure, while weak additional reflections could not be assigned unambiguously to a distinct iron-oxide phase using conventional XRD alone. The Scherrer-estimated crystallite size decreased from approximately 30 nm to 25 nm with increasing milling duration. TEM revealed apparent particle sizes of approximately 8 and 5 nm for the 3 and 6 h samples, respectively, with an approximately spherical morphology and a tendency toward agglomeration. The FTIR spectra exhibited Fe–O vibrational bands in the low-wavenumber region. The saturation magnetization (<i>M</i>_<i>s</i>) increased from 49.53 to 73.90 emu g^− 1, while the coercivity (<i>H</i>_<i>c</i>) increased from 107.87 to 151.80 Oe with increasing milling duration. Overall, the results demonstrate milling-duration-dependent changes in the structural, morphological, and room-temperature magnetic characteristics of the IONPs derived from Indonesian iron sand.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"132 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}