物理最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of solar cell cover glass surfaces after long-term exposure to desert climate in Southern Algeria","authors":"Christoph Gerhard,&nbsp;Sid Ahmed Beldjilali,&nbsp;Robert Köhler,&nbsp;Jan Gluth,&nbsp;Andreas Tümmel,&nbsp;Djoudi Bouhafs,&nbsp;Anne-Patricia Alloncle,&nbsp;Frédéric Pelascini,&nbsp;Jörg Hermann","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06758-3","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06758-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During long-term operation, solar cell cover glasses are exposed to harsh environmental conditions, potentially causing significant surface damage and modification. Against this background, the main objective of the present study is to investigate and characterise the chemical and physical alterations occurring on solar cell cover glass surfaces after prolonged exposure to desert climates. For this purpose, complementary spectroscopic techniques, namely laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were employed to provide detailed insights into surface modifications and contaminations. Specifically, cover glasses installed for 25 years in the Southern Algerian desert were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), LIBS, and XPS. Apart from mechanical damage such as chipping, adhesion of (hydro) carbonaceous dirt and sand grains, and accumulation of organic herbaceous structures at the outermost surface, significant changes in the chemical composition of the near-surface glass layer were observed. These changes include carbon penetration into the surface and noticeable leaching of key glass constituents such as calcium and magnesium, both effects attributable to prolonged exposure to desert climate. Additionally, notable surface contamination by tin and lead was identified, likely resulting from impurities introduced via the liquid metal bath used during the float glass manufacturing process. It turns out that both influencing factors, manufacturing and exposure, cause an accumulated modification of the investigated glass surfaces, subsequently affecting their optical properties. Such modifications ultimately have implications for the overall efficiency of the embedded actual photovoltaic cell.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06758-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of (|V_{textrm{cb}}|) using Bayesian analysis of the (B rightarrow D^{*}ell {bar{nu }}_ell ) semileptonic decay width with four-loop QCD corrections","authors":"Wang Li,&nbsp;Xing-Gang Wu,&nbsp;Hua Zhou,&nbsp;Xu-Chang Zheng","doi":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14675-z","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14675-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix element <span>(|V_{textrm{cb}}|)</span> is an important Standard Model parameter, whose value can be determined by using the semi-leptonic decay <span>(Brightarrow D^{*}ell {bar{nu }}_ell )</span>. The perturbative QCD (pQCD) corrections to the <span>(B rightarrow D^{*})</span> transform form factor <span>({{mathcal {F}}}(w))</span> has been known up to the <span>(hbox {N}^3)</span>LO level, whose magnitude remains sensitive to the choice of renormalization scale <span>(mu _r)</span>. To improve the precision of <span>({{mathcal {F}}}(w))</span> and hence <span>(|V_{textrm{cb}}|)</span>, we first apply the single-scale approach of Principle of Maximum Conformality (PMC) to eliminate the conventional (Conv.) renormalization scale dependence of the short-distance parameter <span>(eta _A)</span> and then predict the contribution of its unknown <span>(hbox {N}^4)</span>LO term via Bayesian analysis. In this paper, we adopt two probabilistic models for Bayesian analysis: the Cacciari–Houdeau model (CH model) and the geometric behavior model (GB model). It is shown that by using the PMC series in combination with Bayesian analysis, one can achieve high degree of reliability in estimating unknown higher-order terms. A more convergent behavior is achieved by applying the PMC, confirmed by the predicted <span>(hbox {N}^4)</span>LO contributions: for the CH model, <span>(eta _A|_{mathrm{Conv.}}^{text {N}^{4}text {LO}}={-,0.0032,+,0.0052})</span> and <span>(eta _A|_{textrm{PMC}}^{text {N}^{4}text {LO}}={-,0.0004,+,0.0004})</span>; for the GB model, <span>(eta _A|_{mathrm{Conv.}}^{text {N}^{4}text {LO}}={-,0.0049,+,0.0075})</span> and <span>(eta _A|_{textrm{PMC}}^{text {N}^{4}text {LO}}= {-,0.0007,+,0.0007})</span>. Comparing with the latest experimental measurements, we obtain <span>(|V_{textrm{cb}}||_{textrm{PMC}}=(40.58^{+0.53}_{-0.57})times 10^{-3})</span>, which is consistent for both CH and GB models and in good agreement with the PDG world average, <span>(|V_{textrm{cb}}|_{textrm{PDG}}=(41.1pm 1.2)times 10^{-3})</span> within errors.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":788,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal C","volume":"85 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14675-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring two green synthesis techniques for nanostructured SnO2 and analyzing material properties for CO and C3H8 gas sensors","authors":"Amira Jalil Fragoso-Medina,&nbsp;Dwight Roberto Acosta Najarro,&nbsp;Ashok Adhikari","doi":"10.1007/s00339-025-08872-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-025-08872-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A comparative study on the properties of SnO₂ nanoparticles prepared by two sustainable techniques, vigorous agitation (VA) and sonochemical (SCh), was discussed here. The crystallographic planes observed from the XRD patterns are related to the tetragonal crystal structure of SnO₂ nanoparticles. The Raman shifts found at 562 and 760 cm⁻¹ are also well-matched with rutile phases of SnO₂ (tetragonal crystal structure). The FTIR characteristic peaks at 633 and 533 cm⁻¹ are associated with Sn-O anti-symmetric vibration, confirming the identification of the Sn-O-Sn bond, while other peaks are linked with organic compounds. From SEM and TEM micrographs, SnO₂ samples prepared by both techniques contain spherical grains with sizes less than 100 nm, verifying the synthesis of nanoparticles. The diffraction patterns and interplanar distances presented by TEM results are compatible with XRD results. EDS results proved the presence of tin and oxygen elements and their homogenous distribution in the samples. The calculated bandgaps using the Kubelka-Munk plots for SnO₂ nanoparticles were 3.70 and 3.74 eV, respectively, using VA and SCh techniques. By analyzing the textural properties, mesoporous materials are noticed where the BET area and pore volume are comparatively higher for SnO₂ samples synthesized by the SCh technique than the VA technique. When these synthesized SnO₂ nanoparticles were reviewed for sensing CO and C₃H₈ gases, both VA- and SCh-SnO₂ samples contained significant variation of surface electrical resistances operated at temperatures greater than 100<span>(:{}^circ C)</span>. Based on the results of electrical resistances, the SCh-SnO₂ sample showed comparatively higher gas sensitivity than the VA-SnO₂ sample.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of CoCr2O4 and polyaniline nanohybrid catalyst for boosting the OER activity","authors":"Nighat Kareem,&nbsp;Iffat Karim,&nbsp;Hala M. Abo-Dief,&nbsp;Ahmed Hussain Jawhari,&nbsp;Muhammad Faizan","doi":"10.1007/s00339-025-08833-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-025-08833-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fossil fuels are depleting continuously due to their excessive usage which led to energy crisis. Researchers are searching some innovative method to find out new renewable energy sources for energy production. Water splitting is acknowledged as significant source of renewable energy generation. Yet to develop electrocatalyst for water splitting having over potential is difficult task. The modern study described CoCr₂O₄/PANI synthesis by hydrothermal route for water splitting. The various techniques have been used like BET, XRD and SEM to find out surface area, crystal planes as well as morphology of prepared electrocatalyst. The electrochemical effectiveness of prepared electrode is analyzed with the help of three electrode system under alkaline solution. Moreover, rate of reaction and endurance of material is investigated through EIS, LSV and chronoamperometry. At 10 mA cm⁻² fabricated electrode has 229 mV over-potential having Tafel value of 42 mV dec⁻¹ represented electrochemical findings. Whereas, stability test revealed that composite with 50 h stability had improved potential with minimum changes in current. The remarkable electrochemical characteristics of CoCr₂O₄/PANI complex mark it viable catalyst for OER and other application of energy conversion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA unzipping transition","authors":"Somendra M. Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.1140/epjb/s10051-025-01028-8","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjb/s10051-025-01028-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review focuses on the force-induced unzipping transition of double-stranded DNA. It begins with a brief history of DNA melting, which emerged alongside the growth of the field of molecular biology, juxtaposed with the advancements in physics during the same post-World War II period. The earlier theories of melting of DNA were based on the Ising model and its modifications, but gradually moved toward polymer-based models. The idea of force-induced unzipping was first introduced in 1999 as a cooperative mechanism for breaking base pairs without the need for temperature changes. The paper discusses several subsequent developments addressing different aspects of the unzipping transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":787,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal B","volume":"98 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144929413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of the Toda system related to a perturbed (R_I)-type recurrence relation","authors":"Vinay Shukla,&nbsp;A Swaminathan","doi":"10.1007/s12043-025-02988-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12043-025-02988-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this manuscript, a modified <span>(R_I)</span>-type recurrence relation is considered whose recurrence coefficients are perturbed by the addition or multiplication of a constant. Using the perturbed system of recurrence coefficients, perturbed extended relativistic Toda equations are derived. These equations are then represented in a matrix form. This matrix representation helps recover a Lax pair that has already been studied in the literature. Inferences about the stability of the resulting perturbed system of the Toda equations are drawn based on numerical experiments.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":743,"journal":{"name":"Pramana","volume":"99 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropic effects on the magnetocaloric properties of (Dy_{2}Cu_{2}In) and (Ho_{2}Cu_{2}In)","authors":"J. Caro Patiño,&nbsp;N. A. de Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s00339-025-08881-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00339-025-08881-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we theoretically discuss the magnetocaloric effect in the compounds <span>(Dy_{2}Cu_{2}In)</span> and <span>(Ho_{2}Cu_{2}In)</span> whose experimental data indicate the existence of non equivalent magnetic sites. In order to take into account such an important feature, we adopt a model Hamiltonian of local interacting magnetic moments with two sublattices and anisotropy in the exchange magnetic interactions. Our theoretically calculated curves of the isothermal entropy changes are in reasonable agreement with the existing experimental data. However, there are no available experimental data to compare with our theoretical prediction of the adiabatic temperature change.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":473,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics A","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"(beta )-decay properties of proton-rich Sn isotopes","authors":"Jameel-Un Nabi,&nbsp;Wajeeha Khalid,&nbsp;M Aswad Ali Shah","doi":"10.1007/s12043-025-03001-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12043-025-03001-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We explore the <span>(beta )</span>-decay features of the doubly magic nucleus <span>(^{100})</span>Sn and proton-rich Sn isotopes within the mass range 100<span>(le )</span> A <span>(le )</span> 110. Our calculations yield a Gamow–Teller (GT) strength of 4.157 for the transition from the ground state to the lowest excited state of <span>(^{100})</span>Sn, which closely aligns with the recently measured value of 4.381 at RIKEN. The GT strength distributions computed for <span>(^{102-104, 106, 108})</span>Sn exhibit good agreement with experimental observations. Additionally, we compare our GT data with previous theoretical calculations. The predicted half-lives are reproduced within a factor of 2 relative to the experimental values for <span>(^{100-110})</span>Sn. For the first time, we present microscopic calculations of electron capture, <span>(beta ^{+})</span> decay, and proton emission rates for proton-rich Sn isotopes under stellar conditions. As the core density of a star reaches <span>(10^{11})</span> g/cm<span>(^3)</span>, electron capture rates calculated by up to seven orders of magnitude. In contrast, <span>(beta ^{+})</span> decay rates remain largely unchanged with variations in core density but exhibit changes of up to three orders of magnitude with increasing core temperatures. A decreasing trend in stellar rates is observed with increasing neutron number <i>N</i>, specifically for even-even and odd-A Sn isotopes. The reported stellar rates provide valuable insights for the <i>rp</i>-process and simulation of post-silicon evolution of massive stars.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":743,"journal":{"name":"Pramana","volume":"99 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-mode stable, megawatt peak power Nd: YAG laser","authors":"Qi Yunxuan,&nbsp;Zhang Sasa,&nbsp;Ye Zhibin,&nbsp;Li Xiaoran,&nbsp;Jiang Shu","doi":"10.1007/s00340-025-08498-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00340-025-08498-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High-average-power, megawatt-peak-power solid-state lasers with high beam quality have garnered significant attention in the field of laser cleaning applications. This paper presents a 1064 nm diode-pumped Nd: YAG master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system employing a multi-mode stable resonator. The designed resonator exhibits minimal beam quality variation when operating in the second stability zone, combining excellent power scalability with remarkable multi-mode stability. A flexible beam delivery system incorporating a 400-µm-core-diameter optical fiber demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving coupling efficiency exceeding 95% at a maximum average output power of 701 W with 20 kHz repetition frequency. Furthermore, it reaches a peak power of 1.0 MW at 12 kHz repetition frequency while maintaining 588 W average power output. Experimental results confirm that this innovative design successfully balances high-power operation with beam quality preservation and efficient energy transmission.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":474,"journal":{"name":"Applied Physics B","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of pulse propagation and all-optical switching in a closed-loop Y-type four-level atomic medium","authors":"Hoang Minh Dong,&nbsp;Luong Thi Yen Nga,&nbsp;Le Van Doai","doi":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06722-1","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06722-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate the dynamics of the pulse propagation and all-optical switching behavior in a closed-loop Y-type four-level atomic medium under the influence of a microwave field and the relative phase by numerical simulations. Results show that the transition between transparency and absorption regimes of the probe pulse depends on the microwave field's activation or deactivation in different frequency and relative phase domains. By fine-tuning the relative phase and frequency detuning between the two control fields, we can seamlessly switch between single and double transparency windows, enabling the probe pulse to maintain a stable shape and supporting the realization of single- or dual-channel optical switching. Notably, when the relative phase equals an odd multiple of π/2, the system always obtains double dark resonance, indicating that the relative phase is an effective control parameter for tailoring pulse propagation. Additionally, the switching dynamics can be either synchronous or anti-synchronous, depending on how the microwave field and relative phase are adjusted. The obtained results offer promising prospects for multi-channel all-optical switching and optical memory in advanced communication systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":792,"journal":{"name":"The European Physical Journal Plus","volume":"140 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144927036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}