生命科学最新文献

{"title":"A gene-encoded bioprotein second harmonic generation (SHG) probe from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) polyhedrin for live cell imaging.","authors":"Xiaoyuan Deng, Hao Liu, Heting Chen, Zuojun Yang, Yuhan Wu, Li He, Wenjing Guo","doi":"10.1007/s00249-024-01728-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-024-01728-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Compared to fluorescence, second harmonic generation (SHG) has recently emerged as an excellent signal for imaging probes due to its unmatched advantages in terms of no photobleaching, no phototoxicity, no signal saturation, as well as the superior imaging accuracy with excellent avoidance of background noise. Existing SHG probes are constructed from heavy metals and are cellular exogenous, presenting with high cytotoxicity, difficult cellular uptake, and the limitation of non-heritability. We, therefore, initially propose an innovative gene-encoded bioprotein SHG probe derived from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) polyhedrin. The primitive gene of AcMNPV polyhedrin was codon-optimized and mutated in its nuclear localization sequence to achieve cytoplasmic expression in mammalian cells. While providing strong SHG signals, this gene-modified AcMNPV (GM-AcMNPV) polyhedrin could be utilized as an SHG probe for cell imaging. Our experimental results demonstrated successful expression of GM-AcMNPV polyhedrin in the cytoplasm of HEK293T cells and bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and verified its characteristic features as an SHG probe. Such SHG probes exhibit high biocompatibility and showed no hindering of central physiological activities such as the differentiation of stem cells. Most importantly, our SHG probes may be successfully used for imaging in living cells. This work will inspire the development of gene encoding-derived bioprotein SHG probes, for long-term tracing of cells/stem cells along with their division, to understand stem cell cycles, reveal stem cell-based therapy mechanisms in regenerative medicine, and unravel cell lineage origins and fates in developmental biology, among other potential applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":548,"journal":{"name":"European Biophysics Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Genome-Wide Association Screen for Genes Affecting Leaf Trichome Development and Epidermal Metal Accumulation in Arabidopsis.","authors":"Radek Bezvoda, Yazmín Mónica Landeo-Ríos, Zdeňka Kubátová, Eva Kollárová, Ivan Kulich, Wolfgang Busch, Viktor Žárský, Fatima Cvrčková","doi":"10.1111/pce.15357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To identify novel genes engaged in plant epidermal development, we characterized the phenotypic variability of rosette leaf epidermis of 310 sequenced Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, focusing on trichome shape and distribution, compositional characteristics of the trichome cell wall, and histologically detectable metal ion distribution. Some of these traits correlated with cLimate parameters of our accession's locations of origin, suggesting environmental selection. A novel metal deposition pattern in stomatal guard cells was observed in some accessions. Subsequent GWAS analysis identified 1546 loci with protein sequence-altering SNPs associated with one or more traits, including 5 genes with previously reported relevant mutant phenotypes and 80 additional genes with known or predicted roles in relevant developmental and cellular processes. Some candidates, including GFS9/TT9, exhibited environmentally correlated allele distribution. Several large gene famiLies, namely DUF674, DUF784, DUF1262, DUF1985, DUF3741, cytochrome P450, receptor-Like kinases, Cys/His-rich C1 domain proteins and formins were overrepresented among the candidates for various traits, suggesting epidermal development-related functions. A possible participation of formins in guard cell metal deposition was supported by observations in available loss of function mutants. Screening of candidate gene lists against the STRING interactome database uncovered several predominantly nuclear protein interaction networks with possible novel roles in epidermal development.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Intercropping With Nitrogen Management to Improve Soil Quality and Control Crop Diseases.","authors":"Bijie Hu, Jing Zhang, Jingxiu Xiao, Siyin Yang, Kun Dong, Yan Dong","doi":"10.1111/pce.15384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-term positioning experiments have demonstrated significant benefits in agricultural production and environmental protection. Faba bean-wheat intercropping with nitrogen fertiliser can effectively mitigate the occurrence of faba bean wilt disease. Identifying the optimal nitrogen application rate is essential for enhancing the disease control efficacy of intercropping. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of varying nitrogen application levels on the physical, chemical, and biological changes in the rhizosphere soil of faba bean under intercropping conditions and to examine their relationship with the incidence of faba bean wilt disease. In a 9-year field experiment, two treatments of faba bean-wheat intercropping for 1 year (IF-1) and 9 years (IF-9) were established to investigate the incidence of faba bean wilt under four nitrogen levels (N0: 0 kg ha^-1; N1: 45 kg ha^-1; N2: 90 kg ha^-1; N3: 135 kg ha^-1). Rhizosphere soil from faba bean plants was collected to assess the corresponding physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Long-term intercropping promoted the growth of faba bean plants and effectively controlled faba bean wilt disease by improving soil structure and fertility and soil quality (SQI). Under different nitrogen application levels, certain soil physical properties (moisture content, macroaggregate proportion, MWD, and GMD) and chemical properties (SOM, total carbon, SOC, total nutrients, and available nutrients) peaked under N2 (90 kg ha^-1), with SQI showing a similar trend. Additionally, long-term intercropping enhanced enzyme activity in the faba bean rhizosphere, reshaped microbial community composition, maximised the benefits of beneficial microbes, reduced the abundance of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium, and achieved optimal disease control under N2. Under long-term intercropping with nitrogen fertiliser application at N2 (90 kg ha^-1), the physical structure of the faba bean rhizosphere soil was significantly improved, soil quality and fertility were enhanced, and the abundance of plant pathogens was reduced by modifying the microbial community composition. This effectively alleviated faba bean disease, promoted healthy plant growth, and maintained soil function.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142997047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and climate drive resin production in Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea","authors":"Mikael Moura,&nbsp;Filipe Campelo,&nbsp;Ana Carvalho,&nbsp;Cristina Nabais,&nbsp;Núria Garcia-Forner","doi":"10.1007/s00468-024-02578-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-024-02578-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>Resin production and growth in <i>Pinus pinaster</i> and <i>Pinus pinea</i> show a trade-off under varying environmental conditions, impacting future resin yields under climate change.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Resin production in pines constitutes an important defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic factors, and it is also an important forestry product. In Portugal, resin is mainly extracted from <i>Pinus pinaster</i> and to a lesser extent from <i>Pinus pinea</i>, the two most widespread pine species in the country. The resin tapping season coincides with the growing season, from spring to autumn. Thus, growth and resin production may compete for carbon, although their response to environmental conditions can differ. This study investigates how the daily growth and biweekly resin production of <i>P. pinaster</i> and <i>P. pinea</i> in a mixed stand respond to environment over the 2021 growing season. During the resin tapping period, growth of both species showed a positive correlation with temperature, soil moisture, air relative humidity and radiation. Resin yield of both species showed a positive relation with soil temperature, and a negative relation with growth, suggesting a trade-off between growth and resin yield. Our results indicate that both growth and resin yield increase with temperature, with growth being more sensitive to soil moisture and relative humidity. Under a scenario of rising temperatures and precipitation reduction, both functions (growth and resin yield) are expected to be affected positively. However, resin production depends on carbon assimilation and allocation, both of which are reduced or altered during periods of extreme drought. This can lead to increasing competition for carbon allocation between growth, storage and resin yield, making resin yield responses to climate change scenarios uncertain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reforestation impact on soil bacterial biodiversity antagonists of fungal pathogens in Amazon biome","authors":"Tatiana C. D. Pereira,&nbsp;Kaynara F. L. Kavasaki,&nbsp;Kellen B. Carmo,&nbsp;Ingo Isernhagen,&nbsp;Gilcele C. M. Berber,&nbsp;Anderson Ferreira","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02599-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02599-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Forest restoration is one of the key approaches employed to reverse environmental degradation, although there is no consensus regarding the best model to be applied for this purpose. It has been hypothesized that overall bacterial density and the diversity of bacterial antagonists in replanted areas are modulated by the reforestation model employed. To test this hypothesis, we have compared the bacterial density in soil samples from ten different replanted forest areas and from a native forest for two consecutive years, evaluated the antagonist activities of bacterial isolates from these areas against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> and <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>, and identified the bacterial antagonists by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All timber and non-timber species employed in the reforestation models were native to the Amazon biome, with the exception of eucalyptus, and additional cover plants were employed in three of the areas. No significant differences were found in bacterial densities between replanted forest areas in either of the years, but significant between-year differences were detected in five of the plots. Twenty of the 220 bacterial isolates tested showed antagonistic activity and of these three were classified within the phylum Proteobacteria and 17 were classified as Firmicutes and belonged to the genera <i>Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Burkholderia, Paenibacillus</i> and <i>Variovorax.</i> The largest microbial diversities were found in soil samples from plots that had undergone natural reforestation or had been reforested by broadcasting or mechanical sowing of a mixture of seeds from timber and non-timber species along with leguminous cover plants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mind the Data Gap: Using a Multi-Measurement Synthesis for Identifying the Challenges and Opportunities in Studying Plant Drought Response and Recovery.","authors":"Jean V Wilkening, Todd E Dawson, Sally E Thompson","doi":"10.1111/pce.15349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding and predicting plant water dynamics during and after water stress is increasingly important but challenging because the high-dimensional nature of the soil-plant-atmosphere system makes it difficult to identify mechanisms and constrain behaviour. Datasets that capture hydrological, physiological and meteorological variation during changing water availability are relatively rare but offer a potentially valuable resource to constrain plant water dynamics. This study reports on a drydown and re-wetting experiment of potted Populus trichocarpa, which intensively characterised plant water fluxes, water status and water sources. We synthesised the data qualitatively to assess the ability to better identify possible mechanisms and quantitatively, using information theory metrics, to measure the value of different measurements in constraining plant water fluxes and water status. Transpiration rates declined during the drydown and then showed a delayed and partial recovery following rewatering. After rewatering, plant water potentials also became decoupled from transpiration rates and the canopies experienced significant yellowing and leaf loss. Hormonal mechanisms were identified as a likely driver, demonstrating a mechanism with sustained impacts on plant water fluxes in the absence of xylem hydraulic damage. Quantitatively, the constraints offered by different measurements varied with the dynamic of interest, and temporally, with behaviour during recovery more difficult to constrain than during water stress. The study provides a uniquely diverse dataset offering insight into mechanisms of plant water stress response and approaches for studying these responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZjMAPKK4 Interacted With ZjNAC78 Regulates Cold Tolerance Response in Jujube.","authors":"Qingfang Wang, Chaofeng Qi, Linxia Wang, Min Li, Yahong Niu, Noor Muhammad, Mengjun Liu, Zhiguo Liu, Lixin Wang","doi":"10.1111/pce.15381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Jujube (Ziziphus ujuba Mill.) holds great importance as a fruit tree in China, with strong tolerance to drought and saline stress, but its growth is limited by vulnerability to cold stress. Consequently, the role of MAPK cascades in mediating jujube cold stress response remains unclear, with the specific function of ZjMAPKK4 in this context yet to be fully elucidated. Thus, in the current study, it was found that ZjMAPKK4 was significantly upregulated compared with other ZjMAPK cascade genes after cold treatment. Heterologous transformation of ZjMAPKK4 in Arabidopsis, VIGS-induced ZjMAPKK4 transiently silencing and overexpression of ZjMAPKK4 in jujube callus assays demonstrated that ZjMAPKK4 positively regulated the cold resistance of jujube. Furthermore, to elucidate the molecular regulation mechanism behind ZjMAPKK4 under cold stress, 25 key DEGs were screened out by transcriptome analysis. Yeast screening cDNA library, yeast two-hybrid, LCA and Co-IP analysis showed ZjMAPKK4 interacted with ZjNAC78 and VIGS-induced ZjNAC78 silenced sour jujube plants showed cold sensitivity and the expression level of cold response genes were downregulated after cold stress. All the results demonstrated that ZjMAPKK4 could interact with ZjNAC78 to regulate the downstream ZjICE-ZjCBF genes to regulate the cold tolerance of jujube.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stand Diversity Does Not Mitigate Increased Herbivory on Climate-Matched Oaks in an Assisted Migration Experiment.","authors":"Juri A Felix, Philip C Stevenson, Nadia Barsoum, Julia Koricheva","doi":"10.1111/pce.15383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assisted migration is a tree-planting method where tree species or populations are translocated with the aim of establishing more climate-resilient forests. However, this might potentially increase the susceptibility of translocated trees to herbivory. Stand diversification through planting trees in species or genotypic mixtures may reduce the amount of damage by insect pests, but its effectiveness in mitigation of excess herbivory on climate-matched trees has seldom been explored. Using the Climate Match Experiment which manipulates both tree climatic provenance and stand diversity, we compared growth, insect herbivory and leaf traits of pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur) of local and Italian provenances in monocultures, provenance mixtures or species mixtures. Additionally, we investigated whether tree apparency and light availability cause variation in leaf traits and herbivory and tested whether these factors were influenced by stand diversity. We found that Italian oaks were subject to greater herbivore damage than those of local English provenance regardless of stand diversity and that insect herbivory in Italian oaks was higher on more apparent trees. Italian oaks also had lower concentrations of hydrolysable tannins than English oaks, but tannin concentrations were poor predictors of herbivory. Additionally, we show that leaf trait variation is strongly associated with differences in light availability.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing the relationship among tepal area, length, and width using four Magnolia species","authors":"Youying Mu,&nbsp;Peijian Shi,&nbsp;Jinfeng Wang,&nbsp;Weihao Yao,&nbsp;Lei Chen,&nbsp;Dirk Hölscher,&nbsp;Karl J. Niklas","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02600-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02600-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key message</h3><p>The Montgomery equation, which assumes a proportional relationship between the tepal area and the product of the tepal length and width, is validated using data drawn from four <i>Magnolia</i> species.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>An important metric of floral non-reproductive size is individual petal or tepal area (<i>A</i>). The Montgomery equation (ME) estimates <i>A</i> by assuming a proportional relationship between <i>A</i> and the product of petal or tepal length (<i>L</i>) and width (<i>W</i>), i.e., <span>(A propto LW)</span>, whereas the power-law equation (PLE) assumes the allometric relationship <span>(A propto left( {LW} right)^{{{upalpha }_{1} ne 1}})</span>. If <i>W/L</i> has a small variation, four relationships are expected to hold true, i.e., <span>(A propto L^{2})</span>, <span>(A propto L^{{{upalpha }_{2} }})</span>, <span>(A propto W^{2})</span>, and <span>(A propto W^{{{upalpha }_{3} }})</span>, where α₁, α₂, and α₃ are scaling exponents to be estimated. To assess the validity of these six formulae, 2031 the petal-like tepals of 250 flowers from four <i>Magnolia</i> species were measured. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) was used to determine the goodness of fit of each equation, and the percentage error (PE) was used to compare any two equations with the same predicator, i.e., <i>LW</i>, <i>L</i> and <i>W</i>. The ME was validated for calculating <i>A</i> at the species level and for the pooled data given that three of the four species had &lt; 0.05 RMSEs and one had a &lt; 0.07 RMSE. However, the PLE was more robust than the ME at the species level. For the pooled data, the ME and PLE had a negligible difference in RMSE values. These results show that the ME is a valid and non-destructive tool for measuring <i>A</i> for the <i>Magnolia</i> species examined in this study and likely holds true across other more diverse species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142963073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root Development of Tomato Plants Infected by the Cacao Pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa Is Affected by Limited Sugar Availability.","authors":"Daniele Paschoal, Laura Cazetta, João V O Mendes, Nathália C F Dias, Vitor Ometto, Esther Carrera, Mônica L Rossi, Juliana A Aricetti, Piotr Mieczkowski, Gabriel G Carvalho, Igor Cesarino, Simone F da Silva, Rafael V Ribeiro, Paulo J P L Teixeira, Eder M da Silva, Antonio Figueira","doi":"10.1111/pce.15385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.15385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of the witches' broom disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao), and it can infect the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 'Micro-Tom' (MT) cultivar. Typical symptoms of infection are stem swelling and axillary shoot outgrowth, whereas reduction in root biomass is another side effect. Using infected MT, we investigated whether impaired root growth derives from hormonal imbalance or sink competition. Intense stem swelling coincided with a reduction in root biomass, predominantly affecting lateral roots. RNA-seq analyses of root samples identified only a few differentially expressed genes involved in hormone metabolism, and root hormone levels were not expressively altered. Inoculation of the auxin highly-sensitive entire mutant genotype maintained the impaired root phenotype; in contrast, the low-cytokinin MT transgenic line overexpressing CYTOKININ OXIDASE-2 (35S::AtCKX2) with fewer symptoms did not exhibit root growth impairment. Genes involved in cell wall, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism were downregulated, accompanied by lower levels of carbohydrate and amino acid in roots, suggesting a reduction in metabolite availability. ¹³CO₂ was supplied to MT plants, and less ¹³C was detected in the roots of infected MT but not in those of 35S::AtCKX2 line plants, suggesting that cytokinin-mediated sugar sink establishment at the infection site may contribute to impaired root growth. Exogenous sucrose application to roots of infected MT plants partially restored root growth. We propose that the impairment of lateral root development is likely attributed to disrupted sugar signalling and photoassimilate supply by establishing a strong sugar sink at the infected stem.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}