生命科学最新文献

{"title":"Chloroplasts Orchestrate Multilayered Defences Against Plant Pathogens.","authors":"Qingqing Sun, Sijia Hou, Hongbo Gao","doi":"10.1111/pce.70140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.70140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chloroplasts are usually regarded as photosynthetic organelles that generate oxygen and carbohydrates. However, emerging studies have revealed their pivotal role in plant immunity. Chloroplasts play a crucial role in processing various external environmental stimuli and modulating plant immune responses. In this review, we elaborate on the contributions of chloroplasts to plant defence, emphasising their vital role in participating in the biosynthesis of cuticular wax, cell wall components and key hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and ethylene. We highlight that chloroplasts act as the sources of reactive oxygen species and calcium ion (Ca²⁺) bursts, which act as secondary messengers to amplify immune signalling and trigger plant immunity. We also discuss how chloroplasts are targeted by pathogens and explore the interactions between pathogens and chloroplasts. Emphasis was given to the complex interplay between chloroplast function and plant immunity and future research challenges were outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual Isotope Analysis Reveals Phylogenetic Patterns and Novel Insights Into Methoxy Group Synthesis of Structural Biomolecules in Leaf and Woody Plant Tissues.","authors":"Anna Wieland, Philipp Schuler, Matthias Saurer, Valentina Vitali, Markus Greule, Frank Keppler, Marco M Lehmann","doi":"10.1111/pce.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of wood methoxy groups (δ²H_meth, δ¹³C_meth), mainly sourced by structural biomolecules like lignin and pectin, provide important insights into climatic, hydrological and physiological conditions. This study systematically investigated species-specific δ²H_meth and δ¹³C_meth variations in leaves and woody twigs of 65 different tree species grown in a common garden. Significant phylogenetic patterns were observed in δ²H_meth and δ¹³C_meth of both tissues, with stronger signals in leaves and the most pronounced differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms. δ¹³C_meth variations are likely explained by anatomical and physiological differences between seed types, while δ²H_meth variations were attributed to temporal differences in water uptake or isotope fractionation processes. Notably, δ¹³C_meth values were more negative in leaves than in twigs, while δ²H_meth values showed no tissue-specific difference. This suggests that serine, a methoxy precursor, is differently synthesised in autotrophic than in heterotrophic tissues. Hydrogen isotope fractionation between xylem water and twig methoxy groups averaged at -197 mUr, with mean isotope fractionation of gymnosperms -209 mUr being significantly different to that of angiosperms -184 mUr. Weak relationships between δ²H_meth and δ²H values of carbohydrates indicated that distinct signals are preserved within the two compounds. This study highlights the importance of phylogenetic considerations when using methoxy group isotopes as proxies and provides new insights into methoxy group biosynthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of CclA Loss in Parametarhizium changbaiense in Enhancing Priming Resistance of Mung Bean Against Damping Off Induced by Rhizoctonia solani.","authors":"Xinyu Xie, Chenxi Ma, Shan Liu, Ying Gao, Rui Cao, Yu Zhang, Fujuan Feng, Yanfeng Hu, Wei Meng, Lijian Xu","doi":"10.1111/pce.70145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.70145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhizoctonia solani is a soil-borne pathogen causing destructive diseases on various economically important crops. Beneficial plant and fungus interactions are well acknowledged to enhance plant resistance to biotic stresses. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, especially the contribution of fungal epigenetic regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized Parametarhizium changbaiense as a beneficial fungus that promoted mung bean growth and priming resistance to damping off caused by R. solani. Knockout of CclA, a subunit of the COMPASS complex involved in H3K4 methylation, reduced the H3K4me1 and 3 levels in P. changbaiense and diminished the fungal growth and conidiation. However, PcCclA deletion enhanced the root colonisation and further bolstered disease resistance, which correlated with intensified lignin content, lignification in the stem cells, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability, indicating a boost in priming defense responses. Taken together, our findings not only supported a conserved function of PcCclA in fungal growth regulation, but also demonstrated the role of PcCclA-mediated H3K4 methylation in host defense priming, which deepens the understanding of the importance of fungal epigenetic regulation in the plant-beneficial fungus interaction. Meanwhile, we also provided a strategy to enhance priming defense response through epigenetic engineering of plant-beneficial fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules and nanoparticles in dilute solution: a brief essay on classical and modern concepts.","authors":"José García de la Torre, José G Hernández-Cifre","doi":"10.1007/s00249-025-01791-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-025-01791-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The theory, computational modelling and data analysis of hydrodynamic and other solution properties of macromolecules and nanoparticles in dilute solution are nowadays well-established. Along this essay, we briefly present the variety of methods which are currently available for those purposes. Although such methods embody an important complexity, they are usually presented as user-friendly tools which can be used without previous knowledge of their foundations. Some understanding of classical concepts in which modern tools are based can result in a better, more profitable, use of them and a most adequate form of presenting and discussing their results. We describe the utility of employing a systematic way of handling data and results for the solution properties in terms of equivalent radii, which indeed provide an alternative to the raw properties in their use for structural determinations. They can also be employed in the design of simulation of experiments and data analysis procedures, like in analytical ultracentrifugation as we propose finally in this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":548,"journal":{"name":"European Biophysics Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radial growth of alpine shrubs at wet sites can benefit from climate warming on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Jiahui Song,&nbsp;Yafeng Wang,&nbsp;J. Julio Camarero","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02666-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02666-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Key Messages</h3><p>Radial growth of alpine willow shrubs showed contrasting sensitivity to climate warming depending on local soil moisture availability, being enhanced in wet sites.</p><h3>Abstract</h3><p>Secondary growth of alpine shrubs such as willow species (<i>Salix</i> spp.) may be enhanced by climate warming, but there could be also negative impacts due to warming-related drought stress. Willow shrubs appear from alpine treelines to mountain glaciers on the southeast Tibetan Plateau, thus proving an ideal setting to test whether their growth is improved by climate warming along wide elevational gradients. We tested this idea by sampling seven willow shrub (<i>Salix gyamdaensis</i>) sites spanning 4400–4800 m in southeast Tibet. A total of 171 ring-width samples were collected and measured. Detrended basal area increment (BAI) series were built for each site. The resulting BAI indices were correlated with NDVI and monthly climate variables. Shrub growth indices were positively associated with summer NDVI, suggesting the regional greening is associated with increased shrub growth. Willow growth also showed positive responses to summer temperatures at five out of the seven study sites. However, shrub growth in the other two sites showed either a positive response to the minimum temperature of the previous December or a negative response to August temperature. In the last site, climate warming may reduce willow growth because of a decrease in soil moisture availability. Climate warming favors the growth of alpine shrubs and subsequent regional greening in sites where soil moisture availability is not limiting, but this growth enhancement is contingent on site aridity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher competition intensified tree mortality in natural Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla forests in Northeast China","authors":"Xuehan Zhao,&nbsp;Fengri Li,&nbsp;Yuanshuo Hao,&nbsp;Qianbei Li,&nbsp;Zheng Miao,&nbsp;Lihu Dong","doi":"10.1007/s00468-025-02663-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00468-025-02663-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tree mortality is a crucial ecological process that is strongly linked to dynamic changes in vegetation and ecosystem function. Given that global climate change increases the risk of mortality, understanding the specific causes that lead to tree mortality at the local level is crucial. However, the contributions of factors explaining tree mortality patterns of Dahurian larch (<i>Larix gmelinii</i>) and White birch (<i>Betula platyphylla</i>) need exploration. Based on comprehensive tree census data (2010–2015) from a fully mapped 0.06-hectare permanent forest dynamics plot in the Da Xing’an Mountains, Northeast China, encompassing 32,565 individual trees, we classified forest stands into three distinct forest types according to species composition: mixed birch and larch forest, pure larch forest, and pure birch forest. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the effects of the factors influencing the mortality of birch and larch in mixed and pure forests. Our research indicates that (1) competition is typically the primary cause of tree mortality. For the two main tree species, birch mortality shows greater sensitivity to increased conspecific competition, whereas larch mortality is more affected by higher hetero-specific competition. (2) For different stand types, species diversity had a more negative effect on the mortality of the two tree species in the mixed forest than in the pure forest. (3) Larch and birch mortality with varying tree diameter classes are found in different stands, and the significance of the factors influencing tree mortality patterns varies significantly. Our research demonstrated significant differences in the relative importance of variables driving tree mortality between pure and mixed forests and emphasized the role of both conspecific and hetero-specific competition in tree mortality. These results offer crucial insights for future studies on forest management in this area and improve our comprehension of the factors leading to individual tree mortality in natural secondary forests in cold temperate zones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":805,"journal":{"name":"Trees","volume":"39 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoselenium application improves post-harvest fruit quality and disease resistance in tomato","authors":"Xiaoqing He,&nbsp;Shiyu Ying,&nbsp;Yi Xu,&nbsp;Zhuo Gao,&nbsp;Yi Wu,&nbsp;Mingchun Liu,&nbsp;Mengbo Wu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70432","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fruits constitute a vital component of a nutritious diet but are highly perishable, contributing substantially to food waste. Consequently, identifying safe and edible biological agents to enhance product quality and extend shelf life is of critical importance. In this study, we demonstrate that exogenous pre-harvest foliar application with nanoselenium (nano-Se) in tomato enhances fruit quality, prolongs fruit shelf life, and enhances the resistance of tomato fruit to <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> infection. Transcriptomic analysis revealed coordinated upregulation of genes associated with quality maintenance and modulation of phytohormone-related pathways. Notably, nano-Se treatment induced expression patterns of ripening-related genes that resembled those triggered by ethylene (ET) but were antagonistic to the effects of 1-MCP. We further demonstrated that although <i>SlMYC2</i> knockout increased susceptibility to <i>B. cinerea</i>, nano-Se application restored resistance in a manner independent of the SlMYC2-associated jasmonic acid signaling pathway, implicating ET as the primary regulatory mechanism. Collectively, these findings support nano-Se as a promising biostimulant for reducing post-harvest losses while preserving the nutritional and sensory quality of tomato fruits.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABERRANT CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING 1 modulates sucrose allocation by regulating cell wall formation in rice","authors":"Wenqiang Shen,&nbsp;Zan Xiao,&nbsp;Ziyu Xie,&nbsp;Cheng Qin,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhu,&nbsp;Ting Zhang,&nbsp;Nan Wang,&nbsp;Yunfeng Li,&nbsp;Xianchun Sang,&nbsp;Yinghua Ling,&nbsp;Guanghua He","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70430","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sucrose (Suc) is transported from source leaves to sink tissues to sustain plant growth, development, and crop yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying carbohydrate partitioning still remain largely unclear. Here, we report a rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) mutant <i>aberrant carbohydrate partitioning 1</i> (<i>acp1</i>), which hyperaccumulates carbohydrates in leaves and exhibits leaf chlorosis and premature senescence. <i>ACP1</i> encodes a novel protein that contains two conserved domains of unknown function, DUF4220 and DUF594. Subcellular localization in rice and tobacco showed that ACP1 was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. In situ expression analysis showed that <i>ACP1</i> was mainly expressed in vascular bundles. Dye and sugar export experiments suggested that sugar trafficking through vascular tissues was impaired in the <i>acp1</i> mutant. The <i>acp1</i> mutant exhibits a significant cellulose deficiency in its leaves. Transmission electron microscopy experiments found that the abnormal cell wall ultrastructure in <i>acp1</i>. Furthermore, turgor pressure in source leaves of <i>acp1</i> decreased compared with WT. Together, these results suggest that <i>ACP1</i> plays a critical role in the partitioning of carbohydrates by regulating cell wall formation, which in turn affects the overall carbohydrate distribution and plant physiology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The small nucleolar RNA NON-CODING RNA 1 negatively regulates drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana","authors":"Liangliang Li,&nbsp;Xianpeng Yang,&nbsp;Haodong Huang,&nbsp;Chenbo Zhu,&nbsp;Minghui Xing,&nbsp;Kaixin Yang,&nbsp;Xiaofan Nie,&nbsp;Jiahe Fu,&nbsp;Mingming Wang,&nbsp;Zhengwei Liang,&nbsp;Shiyou Lü,&nbsp;Weiqiang Qian,&nbsp;Lam-Son Phan Tran,&nbsp;Xiaojian Yin,&nbsp;Weiqiang Li","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70428","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) function in ribosome biogenesis, and many ribosome biogenesis-related genes were downregulated by osmotic stress, implying a negative role of snoRNAs in drought tolerance. A snoRNA, namely, the <i>NON-CODING RNA 1</i> (<i>NCR1</i>) was studied for its roles in drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. In comparison with wild-type (WT) plants, the loss-of-function <i>ncr1</i> mutant plants showed enhanced drought tolerance, which was restored in the <i>NCR1-</i>complemented plants, whereas the <i>NCR1</i>-overexpressing plants revealed a drought-sensitive phenotype. Physiological analyses revealed that the <i>ncr1</i> plants had a higher leaf surface temperature, lower water loss rates, and improved cell membrane integrity compared with WT. Comparative leaf transcriptomics and proteomics suggested that wax biosynthesis, anthocyanin metabolism, and leaf senescence processes are regulated by <i>NCR1</i> under both normal and water-deficit conditions. Under drought, an increase in wax and anthocyanin accumulations and a delay in leaf senescence in <i>ncr1</i> plants, when compared with WT, supported the transcriptome and proteomics data. Additionally, the <i>ncr1</i> plants exhibited higher abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity and longer root hairs than WT. Collectively, our results suggest that <i>NCR1</i> negatively regulates drought tolerance through modification of wax biosynthesis, anthocyanin accumulation, leaf senescence, cell membrane integrity, ABA responses, and root hair development.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144885098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic basis for broad interspecific compatibility in Solanum verrucosum","authors":"William Behling,&nbsp;Joseph Coombs,&nbsp;Thilanka Ranaweera,&nbsp;Brieanne Vaillancourt,&nbsp;John P. Hamilton,&nbsp;Julia Brose,&nbsp;C. Robin Buell,&nbsp;David S. Douches","doi":"10.1111/tpj.70426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Solanum verrucosum</i> Schlechtendal (2<i>x</i> = 2<i>n</i> = 24) is unique among the clade 4 <i>Solanum</i> Sect <i>Petota</i> species. In addition to being one of the only fully self-compatible diploid potato species, <i>S. verrucosum</i> is the only clade 4 species that lacks prezygotic interspecific reproductive barriers. This allows <i>S. verrucosum</i> to accept pollen from a broad range of <i>Solanum</i> species and thereby serving as a genetic “bridge” between the cultivated or primary potato gene pool and distantly related wild relatives in the tertiary gene pool. The genetic mechanisms underlying self-compatibility in <i>Solanum</i> often underpin interspecific compatibility interactions, which in <i>S. verrucosum</i>, has been attributed to the lack of <i>S-RNase</i> expression. Using an interspecific F2 mapping population (<i>n</i> = 150), we investigated the genetic mechanisms responsible for the lack of interspecific reproductive barriers in <i>S. verrucosum</i>. This F2 population was evaluated for the ability to accept pollen from two clade 1, 1 EBN species (<i>S. pinnatisectum</i> and <i>S. tarnii</i>); from which two QTL for interspecific compatibility were identified on chromosomes 1 and 11, explaining 56.6% of the phenotypic variation observed. To identify the genetic basis of interspecific compatibility, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly of <i>S. verrucosum</i> MSII1813-2 and performed gene expression profiling of reproductive organs. Differential gene expression of <i>S-RNase</i>, located within the chromosome 1 QTL, confirmed the central role of the <i>S</i>-locus and specifically, <i>S-RNase</i>, in interspecific compatibility. Discovery of a non-<i>S</i>-locus QTL is consistent with previous findings that other non-<i>S</i>-locus factors are necessary for interspecific compatibility in <i>S. verrucosum</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"123 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.70426","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}