信息工程最新文献

{"title":"An integrated blockchain, building information modelling and life cycle assessment framework for carbon footprint tracking and low-carbon building design","authors":"Xiaojun Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A lack of data security and interoperability is a significant challenge in low-carbon building design due to the involvement of numerous architects, engineers, and carbon auditors. This study proposes a novel framework that integrates blockchain, building information modelling (BIM), and life cycle assessment (LCA) to enhance data management and decision-making for low-carbon building design. Blockchain, as a distributed ledger, ensures data security by maintaining an immutable record of architectural design changes, energy system configurations, and carbon footprints. BIM visualises all the design information in a three-dimensional model to ensure real-time updates of energy and carbon performance. LCA assesses the trade-off between embodied carbon and operating carbon emissions across a building’s life span, optimising architectural and energy system design decisions. The proposed framework establishes a secure and transparent workflow by integrating blockchain, BIM, and LCA into an iterative design process. Smart contracts facilitate the automatic verification of design parameters, enabling architects and engineers to adjust their designs when carbon footprint targets and energy-saving requirements are unmet. Additionally, the framework incorporates a database of future weather profiles, material properties, and inventory information to support accurate and informed decision-making. This study enhances data security, improves interoperability, and supports the iterative refinement of low-carbon building designs. The framework was validated on an industrial building project, demonstrating its effectiveness in designing low-carbon buildings and its potential to contribute to global net-zero ambitions. By offering a structured approach to integrating blockchain, BIM, and LCA, this study offers valuable insights for practitioners and researchers in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 3","pages":"Article 100382"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148540053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D tooth semi-closed hole-filling algorithm based on the moving least-squares method","authors":"Hongan LI,&nbsp;Kun YANG,&nbsp;Long PENG,&nbsp;Qingfang LIU","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-area semi-closed holes on the lateral surfaces of tooth models can cause difficulties in subsequent orthodontic tasks, such as collision detection and finite element analysis, and may affect the accuracy and stability of further processing. To address this issue, this paper proposes a three-dimensional tooth semi-closed hole repair method based on the moving least squares technique. First, key points were manually selected to transform semi-closed holes into closed ones, and new vertices were uniformly distributed within the hole region to construct an initial triangular mesh. Subsequently, a mesh homogenization algorithm was applied to improve the quality of the generated triangular patches. Then, a moving least-squares surface-fitting approach was employed. By incorporating the point cloud density and Gaussian curvature, an adaptive vertex influence region was designed to iteratively adjust the vertex positions and better fit the target surface. Finally, the generated mesh was smoothed using the Laplacian-Beltrami operator to obtain a repaired surface consistent with the original geometry. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior efficiency and repair quality compared to existing approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 365-382"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148531540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal strategies for containing infectious disease spread in mass gatherings with crowd mobility","authors":"G. Benrhmach ,&nbsp;L. Alrawas ,&nbsp;A. Tridane ,&nbsp;A.M. Al-Shaery ,&nbsp;H. Al Jassmi ,&nbsp;N.S. Farooqi ,&nbsp;A. Al-Hawsawi","doi":"10.1016/j.jobb.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jobb.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The risk of infectious diseases is considerably high during Hajj rituals due to overcrowding. The general application of a framework that describes Hajj can be limited as the characteristics of mass gatherings differ from one site to another. Therefore, there is a call for studies that focus on each of the Hajj rituals independently. This study proposes an agent-based model that describes the spread of contagions in the Mena Region, calibrated against reported COVID-19 outbreak characteristics during Hajj. An optimization was performed to test nine scenarios in which diseases’ prevalence, regional diversity, mobility, and capacity were prioritized in different combinations. The results show that prevalence becomes unrealistic in the case of no constraints, whereas eight out of the nine fitted scenarios fall within or near the empirical ranges of both prevalence (3–15%) and <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> (1.4–3.1), signifying that the framework captures important epidemiological dynamics. The most cost-effective control is generated when all four factors are considered equally so high capacity and mobility are allowed, with infections kept in realistic bounds. When nationality groups vary according to vaccination properties and age distributions, limiting participants from high-risk regions illustrated a significant impact on suppressing the infection. Finally, the study also investigated the relationship between disease incubation time and the time people spend in a foreign area. Once the stay time exceeds the incubation time, the infection level and the peak of the infection undergo a sharp increase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52875,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 127-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148185021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic accurate craniofacial reconstruction based on geodesic statistical model","authors":"Wenqi LIU,&nbsp;Junli ZHAO,&nbsp;Lin WANG","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Craniofacial reconstruction aims to estimate a person’s facial appearance from the skull and has applications in forensic investigation, reconstructive surgery, archaeology, and anthropology. The skull and face are typically represented as triangular meshes, on which geodesics provide intrinsic surface structures. Accordingly, we propose a craniofacial reconstruction framework that represents facial geometry using geodesics and learns a geodesic-based statistical model. First, we extract a set of geodesic curves for each registered face mesh, originating from the nose tip. Next, paired skull meshes and their corresponding facial geodesics are used to train a principal component analysis (PCA)-based statistical model that predicts the facial geodesics for an unseen skull. Finally, we reconstruct the full-face mesh by fitting a facial statistical shape model to the predicted geodesics. Because the intrinsic properties of the geodesics and geodesic distances are preserved under isometric deformations, the accuracy of the corresponding feature points automatically established by the geodesics and exact correspondence between the feature points are ensured, thereby improving the accuracy of the craniofacial reconstruction results. Experiments demonstrate improved reconstruction accuracy and reduced runtime compared with baseline methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 347-364"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148531497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A distributed, scalable cross-chain state channel scheme based on recursive state synchronization","authors":"Xinyu Liang,&nbsp;Ruiying Du,&nbsp;Jing Chen,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Meng Jia,&nbsp;Shuangxi Cao,&nbsp;Yufeng Wei,&nbsp;Shixiong Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As cross-chain technology continues to advance, the scale of cross-chain transactions is experiencing significant expansion. To improve scalability, researchers have turned to the study of cross-chain state channels. However, most of the existing schemes rely on trusted parties to support channel operations. To address this issue, we present Interpipe: a distributed cross-chain state channel scheme. Specifically, we propose a real-time cross-chain synchronization scheme to ensure consistent operations between two blockchains through a cross-chain state channel. Moreover, we propose a batch transaction proof scheme based on recursive SNARK to meet the cross-chain verification needs of large-scale users. Based on the above designs, Interpipe offers protocols for opening, updating, closing, and disputing operations to cross-chain state channels. Security analysis shows that Interpipe has consistency and resistance, and experimental results demonstrate that a cross-chain state channel can be nearly as efficient as an existing intra-chain state channel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 3","pages":"Article 100351"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148540052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MrC: A medical-record chain system based on blockchain","authors":"Kiril Danilchenko ,&nbsp;Shimon Shai Idan ,&nbsp;Harel Jerbi ,&nbsp;Hadassa Daltrophe","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Who is the owner of your health documents? Although the answer to this question may seem straightforward and intuitive, today we are far from the situation in which <em>you</em> are the one who has the key to this critical information. Hospitals, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), private doctors, and different medical institutions produce large quantities of medical information about each of us, and there is a need to maintain this information <em>privately</em>, <em>synchronously</em>, and <em>accessible</em> to each one of us. In this paper, we propose the <em>medical record chain</em> (<span>MrC</span> ) system, with its blockchain architecture, as a tool to achieve this goal. The <span>MrC</span> system would be accessible to the patients, so their medical data would be organized and available for viewing, regardless of where the information was produced. Furthermore, each patient can give a recognized medical service provider temporary permission to view and update his medical records. The architectural design of the <span>MrC</span> system ensures that no centralized authority controls the medical records. To enable the system's assimilation across different institutions, a bridge to the system with a convenient and simple interface is proposed, so that no changes are required in the existing information systems of the medical body. Moreover, medical institutions would be incentivized to employ the system by allowing access to extensive medical datasets that have undergone de-identification. Implementing the <span>MrC</span> system would return the ownership of the data to where it belongs—the patient. It would improve patients' health by allowing multiple medical institutions to access accurate information quickly. Finally, a by-product of the <span>MrC</span> system is the improvement of public health by making comprehensive de-identified datasets available for medical research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 3","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148181062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welcome back: A systematic literature review of smart contract reentrancy and countermeasures","authors":"Fatemeh Ghiyami Pour ,&nbsp;Gabriele Costa ,&nbsp;Letterio Galletta","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Smart contracts are revolutionizing the way two or more parties subscribe to and apply an agreement. The main reason is that they promise to increase efficiency, transparency, and security. However, their inherent vulnerabilities can lead to automated exploits, resulting in significant resource losses. Among these, <em>reentrancy</em> is one of the most impactful security flaws. Over the past few years, reentrancy vulnerabilities have caused substantial financial damage and threatened the viability of entire blockchain ecosystems. Therefore, investigating whether reentrancy can be effectively mitigated and exploring the methodologies designed to address it is crucial.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of reentrancy vulnerabilities in Ethereum smart contracts and to assess the theoretical and practical approaches proposed to counter them. By following the PRISMA framework, we conduct a literature review of academic publications to identify, screen, and analyze relevant studies on detection and mitigation techniques.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our findings indicate that the estimated financial loss due to reentrancy attacks amounted to around 350 million USD by 2023, with increasing frequency and profitability of incidents. Despite advancements in mitigation tools, particularly machine learning, they only partially address vulnerabilities and remain ineffective against zero-day attacks.</div></div><div><h3>Contribution</h3><div>This paper identifies critical challenges in reentrancy detection, including the lack of standardized benchmarks and data on zero-day vulnerabilities. It emphasizes the need for unified datasets and evaluation frameworks to facilitate fair comparisons, improving detection effectiveness. Additionally, it highlights the need for tools addressing all four reentrancy vulnerability types and reporting performance results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 3","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148243084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AgeStyle: Dynamic age-guided motion transfer in virtual reality","authors":"Feng ZHOU,&nbsp;Chao LIU,&nbsp;Yiqing HUANG,&nbsp;Ju DAI,&nbsp;Senzhe XU","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Age significantly influences human motor patterns, yet existing virtual reality (VR) systems lack dynamic modelling of these variations. This paper introduces AgeStyle, a versatile framework that integrates age-guided style selection with motion style transfer to convert user-uploaded videos into interactive 3D motion models. Utilizing 2D joint detection and 3D pose estimation, AgeStyle constructs motion representations enhanced by a CLIP-driven Cross-Attention module, capturing the distinct traits of different age groups—child flexibility, adult efficiency, and elderly stability. Our system enables real-time switching between motion styles and perspectives through voice commands, offering an immersive exploration of age-related movements. Quantitative experiments on the XIA dataset demonstrate AgeStyle’s competitive performance in both content preservation and style consistency, achieving average CC and SC++ scores of 7.4 and 14.8, respectively. AgeStyle represents a meaningful advancement in VR character design, with broad potential applications in education, healthcare, rehabilitation, and interactive entertainment. For the demo, please refer to <span><span>https://youtu.be/eo7Shy0Ukps</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>. The source code of AgeStyle is available at <span><span>https://github.com/codeozzz/ageStyle</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 3","pages":"Pages 283-300"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148531783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cox: a reliable runtime switching protocol for BFT consensus algorithms","authors":"Zhaoshuo Li ,&nbsp;Liang Cai ,&nbsp;Weiwei Qiu ,&nbsp;Fanglei Huang ,&nbsp;Hao Duan ,&nbsp;Chao Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Different Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithms have distinct characteristics and optimal use cases. Rarely does a single protocol demonstrate outstanding performance across different environments. Sometimes, systems need to switch consensus algorithms to adapt to different environments. This paper aims to investigate how to achieve seamless consensus algorithm switching without system downtime or compromising the security and consistency of the original consensus module. To address this issue, we propose Cox, a reliable online switching protocol for BFT consensus algorithms, and design a corresponding recovery sub-protocol for lagging nodes. Experimental results indicate that, under the assumption of a partially synchronous network, Cox ensures both the liveness and safety of the consensus module and achieves reliable switching in milliseconds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 3","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148181065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing NFT markets through a multilayer network approach","authors":"Alessia Galdeman,&nbsp;Lucio La Cava,&nbsp;Matteo Zignani,&nbsp;Andrea Tagarelli,&nbsp;Sabrina Gaito","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the extensive trading activities associated with such an intriguing domain led to the emergence of large-scale and interconnected transaction networks involving the most prominent NFT markets. Despite such interdependencies representing an inestimable source of information for the proper understanding of the NFT landscape, previous studies treated each market separately, overlooking relevant phenomena.</div><div>In this study, we explore a multilayer network modeling approach to analyze transactions in multiple NFT markets. We reveal previously unnoticed macroscopic and mesoscopic traits by investigating indicators that discern whether markets are independent or linked: users trading NFTs are organized in cross-market communities where multi-market users act as bridges across marketplaces, adapting to the diverse nature of the markets they operate in. We also conduct an in-depth examination of such multi-market users, studying their specific activity patterns that leave a distinctive mark on the system: the majority of multi-market users will differentiate their earnings and expenses among the markets, while a fraction of them is directed toward a more polarized money allocation based on the typology of the markets.</div><div>By offering a fresh perspective on this intricate financial system and emphasizing the importance of perceiving the NFT markets as a unique and interconnected world, our study paves the way for further contributions aimed at unraveling the complexity of cryptosystems and understanding the latent phenomena across NFT markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 3","pages":"Article 100356"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148540054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}