信息工程最新文献

{"title":"Analytical study on the exposedness of potential positions for external human-machine interfaces","authors":"Jose Gonzalez-Belmonte,&nbsp;Jaerock Kwon","doi":"10.1007/s43684-026-00139-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43684-026-00139-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As we move towards a future of autonomous vehicles, questions regarding their method of communication have arisen. One of the common concerns is the placement of the signaling used to communicate with pedestrians and road users, but few works have been fully dedicated to the matter. This paper uses a simulation made in the Unity game engine to record the fifteen different vehicles under fifty-seven different scenarios each for the first time, in order to find how often their forward-facing exterior surfaces can be seen by a pedestrian on the sidewalk. Variables include the vehicle type, position, number of vehicles on the road, camera position and direction, as well as its minimum and maximum distance from the recorded points. It was concluded that the areas of the vehicle most often seen by pedestrians on the sidewalk attempting to cross the road were the wheels, front fenders, and headlights. Based on these results, a suggestion is made to implement displays on at least two of the following regions: windshield, front fenders, side mirrors. These findings are valuable in the future design of signaling for autonomous vehicles in order to ensure pedestrians are able to see them on approaching vehicles. The software used provides a platform for similar work in the future to be conducted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":71187,"journal":{"name":"自主智能系统(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-026-00139-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating road infrastructure condition into intelligent transportation systems: a machine learning-based infrastructure-aware risk prediction approach","authors":"Mayssa Hamdani,&nbsp;Nafaa Jabeur,&nbsp;Ansar Yasar","doi":"10.1007/s43684-026-00137-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43684-026-00137-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although the majority of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and risk-prediction frameworks keep considering pavement quality and dynamic traffic behavior as separate phenomena, road infrastructure degradation and traffic flow instability both contribute to risky driving situations. This study combines segment-level Pavement Condition Index (PCI) data with actual traffic observations from New York City to present an integrated, data-driven methodology for simulating infrastructure-induced unsafe driving circumstances. A supervised machine learning model is developed by combining measures of traffic congestion, speed variation, and pavement deterioration to estimate hourly instability risk, which serves as a proxy for risky driving behavior. Evaluating on a temporally separated test set, the infrastructure-aware model achieves an ROC-AUC of 0.9804 and a PR-AUC of 0.9074, outperforming a traffic-only baseline (ROC-AUC 0.8785, PR-AUC 0.5833). These instability indicators correspond to high-level behavioral patterns commonly observed in ITS monitoring contexts, without relying on raw visual data. Model explainability using SHAP indicates that pavement condition and congestion are the most influential features, with comparable contributions to instability prediction. Predicted risk probabilities are geospatially mapped to identify infrastructure-driven hotspots, and the ORQCIAM framework demonstrates how such risk outputs can inform infrastructure-aware routing and maintenance prioritization. The findings reveal that machine learning enhanced with pavement condition data offers a data-driven approach for predicting hazardous driving situations and supporting infrastructure-aware decision-making, demonstrating how infrastructure-aware risk estimates might help with routing analysis and repair priority in future ITS applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":71187,"journal":{"name":"自主智能系统(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s43684-026-00137-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Security checklists for Ethereum smart contract development: Patterns and best practices","authors":"Lodovica Marchesi,&nbsp;Livio Pompianu,&nbsp;Roberto Tonelli","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Context:</strong> Smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) are becoming increasingly important and widespread. DApps are often business-critical, and strong security guarantees must be ensured. However, developing safe and reliable smart contracts remains a challenging task. Despite growing literature, simple and actionable tools to address security issues are still lacking. <strong>Objective:</strong> This study identifies design patterns and best practices for DApp security. We categorize them into twelve critical areas based on their security goals and map them to the architecture of decentralized applications. For each item, we define concrete actions to support secure implementation. These are further structured into three security assurance checklists. <strong>Method:</strong> We analyze existing literature and manually review 224 security items, consolidating duplicates and harmonizing terminology. This process results in 84 unique items, divided into 36 design patterns and 48 best practices, further grouped into 12 categories. We also map the items into three checklists based on the development phase of the DApp lifecycle. Finally, for each pattern and practice, we derive 374 actionable security tasks to guide secure development. <strong>Results:</strong> To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive and structured collection of DApp security items to date. The proposed framework and checklists help developers ensure the consistent and complete application of secure design principles. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Focusing on Ethereum and Solidity, we present a comprehensive framework for improving DApp security. Our work supports ongoing efforts to reduce vulnerabilities in decentralized applications and provides developers with practical tools to build safer, more reliable systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 4","pages":"Article 100367"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148738727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A semi-passive haptic device for viscosity display in virtual bone cement injection","authors":"Jinfeng WU,&nbsp;Zhen LI,&nbsp;Xuan LUO,&nbsp;Ke SHI,&nbsp;Aiguo SONG,&nbsp;Lifeng ZHU","doi":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vrih.2026.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a novel semi-passive haptic device for viscosity display in virtual bone cement injection. This system-level design combines the inherent safety of a passive elastic element with the accurate control of an active motor to achieve injection force feedback over a wide force range (0–40 N) and stroke length (up to ∼32 mm). The device employs a linear push paradigm consistent with clinical percutaneous vertebroplasty procedures, contributing to an immersive and intuitive feel for surgical simulation. This delivers realistic haptic experiences that represent different phases of bone cement injection within a simulated environment. A system identification method and parameter optimization were proposed to align theoretical models with physical performance, achieving an average RMSE of 0.08 N across 218 test cases. We conducted experiments to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the proposed device by displaying interaction forces for different configurations. Our experimental results show that this compact, low-power design provides a safe and procedurally realistic simulation of bone cement injection in the virtual environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33538,"journal":{"name":"Virtual Reality Intelligent Hardware","volume":"8 4","pages":"Pages 440-456"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149028332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart contract vulnerability detection","authors":"Jiachi Chen,&nbsp;Lingfeng Bao,&nbsp;Ting Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2026.100459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2026.100459","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 4","pages":"Article 100459"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148738697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMCPF: Efficient multi-party conditional payment flow payment protocol on lightning payment channel network","authors":"Hasan Falah Hasan,&nbsp;Mohd Najwadi Yusoff,&nbsp;Je Sen Teh,&nbsp;Shams Mhmood Abdali","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Payment channel networks are cryptocurrency-era scaling solutions designed to function atop the lightning network. They aim to address the blockchain scalability trilemma by offering low transaction fees and nearly instantaneous processing confirmation times. However, security and privacy remain as adoption growth obstacles. The hashed timelock contract is the well-known conditional payment transfer protocol designed for payment channel networks. However, it can disclose identities and exchange histories, making it vulnerable to wormhole attacks. Additionally, current solutions rely either on the ideal anonymous communication channel assumption or fail to provide complete path privacy protection. In this paper, we propose the efficient multi-party conditional payment flow (EMCPF) protocol. It is a lightning network-compatible and privacy-preserving payment protocol designed to protect all user identities, reduce collateral locking time, and resist wormhole attacks. Moreover, it does not rely on ideal routing assumptions and instead employs layered encryption. Security analysis conducted under the universal composability model shows that no information can be disclosed if there is at least one honest user within the payment path. Functional analysis was also provided to support our privacy and security claims. We also performed theoretical analyses that compare EMCPF with other existing payment protocols based on complexity, efficiency, and the phases involved. Our simulations using lightning network snapshots show that EMCPF outperforms the current state-of-the-art solutions in terms of computational time and communication overhead.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 4","pages":"Article 100359"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148776301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governance and maintenance for DAOs with physical assets – The case of No1s1","authors":"Michael Blum,&nbsp;Nicola Crimi,&nbsp;Pascal Emmenegger,&nbsp;Florian Spychiger,&nbsp;Claudio J. Tessone","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research has introduced a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) managing a house – No1s1 (no-ones-one). While the concept has been technically implemented, it remains open how to govern and maintain the house in a decentralized manner. In this study, we investigate how a DAO can govern and maintain physical assets. For this, we use a design science research methodology coupled with a requirements-driven approach and demonstrate through an artifact how such a governance and maintenance system can be implemented. The proposed system features two tokens rewarding active interaction with the physical house, leading to a local community. We evaluate the system with a scenario-based study with users, showing how the community can govern and maintain the house. Thus, the paper contributes to a better understanding of how a DAO with physical assets can be governed and interact with these assets, and to a better understanding of blockchain governance in general.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 4","pages":"Article 100357"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148844015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current understanding of impermanent loss risk in AMMs","authors":"Ignacio Ariel Del Monte,&nbsp;Juan Jose de Lucio,&nbsp;Miguel Angel Sicilia Urban","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review examines the risk of impermanent loss (IL) in automated market makers within the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, employing the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for searching (PRISMA-S) methodology. Our comprehensive search across the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases identified 38 relevant studies published between January 2020 and September 2024. The review reveals a predominant focus on constant product market makers, which comprise 56.4% of all mentions, underscoring their central role in DeFi markets. There are nine underlying causes affecting IL risk, and the most important ones are price volatility, asset imbalance, and risk/return management. According to our categorization, the most commonly used mitigation strategies are investment strategies, decentralized tools and technologies, and design and management of liquidity pools, hedging strategies and context strategies. IL risk research is calculated equally theoretically and empirically (nine references for each), and there are six research papers that calculate in a mixed way. Only 13 research papers employ market data in their reviews, and three of all papers measure IL risk quantitatively. We seek to focus our studies on a more detailed treatment of the risk of IL that will result in improvements to liquidity providers in DeFi.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 4","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148854174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consortium blockchain integrated with industrial IoT devices to perform a real-time detection of air and water pollution","authors":"Alessandro Bigiotti,&nbsp;Gianmarco Mazzante,&nbsp;Leonardo Mostarda,&nbsp;Alfredo Navarra,&nbsp;Davide Sestili","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interest in blockchain for Industry 4.0 applications and the integration of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has grown considerably. This is due to the unique characteristics of blockchain, including the immutability of the distributed ledger, transparency, traceability of transactions, and security based on cryptographic techniques that certify the integrity of the data. So, the integration of blockchain can enhance data integrity, transparency, and security while eliminating trusted third parties. However, these characteristics make blockchains difficult to scale and typically involve high costs for a large number of transactions. It makes it difficult to manage large amounts of data, which are generally produced in IIoT environments. Some recent results have demonstrated how the use of private blockchains can improve the issues of scalability and transaction costs. This paper addresses the following research question: Can blockchain technology, in its current state, be suitable for implementing industrial monitoring applications that use IIoT devices? Our objective is to propose a blockchain-based application integrated with IIoT devices in order to control the air and water pollution produced by industrial activities. The application we propose complies with current European regulations. Finally, we perform an empirical evaluation of the solution's performance to understand its applicability in real-world scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 4","pages":"Article 100353"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148636830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockchain-enabled smart contracts and prioritized delegated proof-of-stake paradigm for secure and scalable electronic voting systems","authors":"Abdul Razaque,&nbsp;Gulnara Bektemyssova,&nbsp;Joon Yoo,&nbsp;Meenhoon Khan,&nbsp;Aziz Alotaibi,&nbsp;Satybaldiyeva Ryskhan,&nbsp;Zhyldyz Kalpeyeva,&nbsp;Majid Alshammari,&nbsp;Jaeryong Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing electronic voting systems suffer from security concerns, identity theft, electoral fraud, and insufficient transparency in digital voting systems, which pose significant challenges to electoral integrity. Blockchain-based electronic voting systems provide immutability and decentralization. However, they are inappropriate for large-scale elections because of their inadequate consensus mechanisms, scalability issues, and security weaknesses. To provide an equitable electoral process, an electronic voting system must be scalable, secure, and efficient. This method requires real-time vote verification, secure vote recording to avert fraud, and voter authentication.</div><div>This study introduces a blockchain-based smart contract electronic voting system (BCVS) to improve the security and efficiency of electronic voting. The three algorithms are employed by the proposed BCVS to safeguard and improve the electronic voting process via the utilization of smart contracts. These algorithms ensure the precise tabulation of results and establish a robust foundation for electronic voting by resolving disputes. The proposed approach ensures transparency, immutability, and a minimal likelihood of manipulation through the utilization of the prioritized delegated proof-of-stake (PDPoS) consensus mechanism. The PDPoS functions on Tier 3 scalable networks and diligently documents transactions on the blockchain to resolve critical challenges associated with electronic voting. The scalability and integrity of the proposed e-voting system are ensured through the implementation of a practical Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm. Improved voter authentication is accomplished by multi-factor authentication and elliptic curve digital signatures, reducing the dangers of unwanted access. Additionally, Nightshade sharding from the NEAR algorithm enhances scalability by partitioning the blockchain network into numerous smaller shards, facilitating parallel transaction processing. Consequently, throughput is markedly enhanced, and latency is diminished. The testing results indicate that the proposed BCVS achieves 100% confirmed transactions, 98% compatibility, 95% accuracy, and 95% audited votes. The proposed BCVS outperforms existing state-of-the-art systems in multiple essential domains, such as the volume of votes cast within a specified timeframe, precision, interoperability with other systems, quantity of confirmed transactions, auditability, and duration of vote counting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"7 4","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148636832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}