环境•农林最新文献

{"title":"Solid Waste Landfilling and its Effect on Groundwater Quality: A Case Study of a Mature Landfill Site in Northern India","authors":"Shivani Sangwan,&nbsp;Anjali Malan,&nbsp;Hardeep Rai Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08079-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08079-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leaching of contaminants from landfill into the soil and water supply is a major concern because of its risks to human health and environment in areas where adequate disposal systems are lacking. The present research work is concerned with the effect of leachate generated from the Patvi landfill site of Ambala district of Haryana state in India on the quality of its groundwater for a period 2021—2022. Groundwater and leachate samples were collected both in pre monsoon (PRM) and post monsoon (POM) period for the estimation of physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metals. The analysis revealed that in research period, most of the parameters concentration except PO₄²⁻, Nickel, lead and zinc were found to decrease after monsoon season in the leachate samples. However, no definite pattern of water quality parameters was observed in the groundwater samples during the two seasons in two years. The concentration of major cations in water samples was found to be in the order of Ca²⁺ &gt; Mg²⁺ &gt; Na⁺ &gt; K⁺, while the anions followed the order HCO₃⁻ &gt; Cl⁻ &gt; F⁻ &gt; SO₄²⁻ &gt; PO₄²⁻. The results of leachate samples concluded that the leachate percolated through the soil and then groundwater of the surrounding area of the landfill site. Seasonal variability demonstrated dilution during the monsoons and better leachate penetration of wells within and nearer area of the site. The findings of this study have implications for applying timely interventions that are leachate collection systems, landfill redesigns, and compliance with SWM Rules, 2016.The study supports the principles of the appropriate Sustainable Development Goal 6 on clean water and sanitation and offers practical implications to enhance landfill conditions and decrease negative impacts in the similar area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products and Plasticizers in Surface Water and Environmental Risk Assessment: Guandu River Basin, Rio de Janeiro/Brazil","authors":"Frederico G. de Araujo,&nbsp;Glauco F. Bauerfeldt,&nbsp;Deivisson L. Cunha,&nbsp;Eduardo M. Martins,&nbsp;Marcia Marques","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08028-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08028-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The presence in surface water of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and plasticizers, including endocrine disruptors (EDs), is considered a relevant issue worldwide, since such compounds are potentially dangerous for human health and the environment. In this investigation, nine CECs (Benzophenone, Bisphenol A, Diethylphthalate, 4-Nonylfenol, Diazepam, Bromazepam, Clonazepam, Ibuprofen and Trimethoprim) have been monitored monthly in surface water of the Guandu river, which is the main source for one of the largest water treatment plants in the world (Guandu WTP) that supplies water for 9 million inhabitants living in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The CECs concentrations ranged from below the limit of quantification (&lt; LOQ) up to 7,570 ng L⁻¹. The occurrence of these CECs in aqueous environmental matrices is likely to be related to the low percentage of sewage collection and treatment in the drainage basin, in addition to the limited capacity of conventional sewage treatment plants for the removal of CECs. Based on environmental risk assessment, Bisphenol A and Diazepam pose environmental risks (RQ ≥ 1) to the aquatic ecosystem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Drinking and Irrigation Water Quality Indices Using Geospatial Techniques in the Coal Mining Region of Ramgarh, Jharkhand","authors":"Shazada Ahmad,&nbsp;Adnan Shakeel,&nbsp;Farid Ahmed,&nbsp;Mahammad Shahbaz Badar","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08054-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08054-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The index for drinking and irrigation water quality enhances comprehension of intake by humans, animals, plants, and the environment for sustainable lifespans. With the advancement of human civilisation, the quality of water for consumption and agriculture has consistently. This study seeks to evaluate the drinking water quality index (DWQI) and the irrigation water quality index (IWQI) in the coal mining area of Ramgarh, Jharkhand, through the assessment of numerous physicochemical parameters. We derive these characteristics from 10 field samples and 20 physicochemical factors. We utilised these factors in laboratory studies, applying ArcGIS's Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) methodology for mapping and additional indexing methods. This study employed Pearson correlation to analyse the linear relationship between different physiochemical and water indices. The primary aim of this research is to assess water quality conditions for human consumption and irrigation in mining regions. The study demonstrates that two stations, S1 (47.15) and S9 (47.09), meet the criteria for good drinking water quality. Simultaneously, the fair category includes S4 (64.05), S6 (51.64), and S8 (51.26). In contrast, S7 (89.94) falls under the \"poor quality\" category, while S3 (325.90) and S5 (119.33) are recorded as having very poor quality for drinking purposes under the most unfavourable conditions in this study. The Irrigation Water Quality Index classifies only S5 (176.79) as unsuitable for irrigation, even though the sample exceeds the allowed level. The study found a strong link between the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and other measurements, including sodium (.95), chloride (.94), and potassium (.79). The results of this study show that the DWQI and IWQI methods with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integration can be used together to make better decisions at the local and national levels. Local and international authorities are involved in the management of water resources and planning for the quality of water and irrigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of a Porous Composite for Removal of Heavy Metal ions from Wastewater","authors":"Zhongwei Liu,&nbsp;Ning An,&nbsp;Xingwu Qiu,&nbsp;Chi Hu","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08066-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08066-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Open-cell foam concrete can be prepared by using ordinary Portland cement, fly ash and vegetable protein foaming agents as raw materials, adding adsorbents, adjusting the water‒binder ratio and the dilution ratio of the foaming agent, and adopting a physical foaming method. When water-binder ratio is 0.50 and the dilution ratio of the foaming agent is 1:45, open-cell foam concrete with an opening porosity of 53.36% and a dry density of 309 kg/m³ can be prepared. Graphene oxide (GO) and the foam concrete matrix were modified with NaOH; this increased the number of surface functional groups and adsorption sites on the composite material and improved its adsorption performance. The removal rate of Ni(II) by the composite material reached 96.03%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of clay-mediated nZVI composites to alleviate the decline in Cr(VI) removal during co-transport with humic acid and phosphate","authors":"Wenxin Jiang, Nan Xu, Wu Sun, Feng Du","doi":"10.1039/d5en00185d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00185d","url":null,"abstract":"The natural presence of phosphate and humic acid (HA) may impact the removal of Cr(VI) by green synthesized clay-supported nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI@GT) composites. It triggers the investigation of Cr speciation transformation by M-nZVI@GT and K-nZVI@GT, prepared through nZVI@GT loaded on montmorillonite and kaolinite clays. The Cr(VI) removal with the existence of phosphate and HA was investigated during cotransport in water-saturated sand columns. This study revealed that M-nZVI@GT exhibited a higher Cr(VI) removal capacity (82.08 mg·g⁻¹) than K-nZVI@GT (61.74 mg·g⁻¹). However, phosphate showed stronger competition with Cr(VI) for adsorption on the single-layer structured M-nZVI@GT, reducing its removal capacity to 61.98 mg·g⁻¹ and inhibiting Fe0 core corrosion compared to the lamellar-structured K-nZVI@GT. Notably, phosphate enhanced the electrostatic repulsion between M-nZVI@GT and quartz sand, facilitating the mobility of M-nZVI@GT in the sand porous media (increasing from 41.03% to 52.20%). This enhancement was associated with a higher k1d/k1 value, which increased from 0.691 to 0.830. In particular, due to its steric hindrance of macromolecular, less HA entered the lamellar structure of K-nZVI@GT, lowering competitive adsorption with Cr(VI) for active sites. This research’s findings indicate that the K-nZVI@GT, as an environmental-friendly remediation material, can successfully alleviate the inhibitory effects of HA on Cr(VI) removal in contaminated soil. This study highlights the distinct structural construction of Fe-based nanomaterials via different clay meditations to improve the practical application of nanotechnology for soil in-situ remediation.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143901199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Black Oat-Corn Succession Fertilized with Pig Slurry and Swine Manure Compost Supplemented with Mineral Fertilization","authors":"Vilmar Muller Júnior,&nbsp;Jucinei José Comin,&nbsp;Guilherme Wilbert Ferreira,&nbsp;Thiago Stacowski dos Santos,&nbsp;Lucas Dupont Giumbelli,&nbsp;Talita Trapp,&nbsp;Paola Daiane Welter,&nbsp;Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi,&nbsp;Sandro José Giacomini,&nbsp;Gustavo Brunetto,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Ceretta,&nbsp;Paulo Belli Filho","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08090-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08090-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Manure from pig farming has an agronomic value and it is often used for fertilization. However, as manure has unbalanced amounts of nutrients such as N and C, it contributes to increased emissions of N₂O to the atmosphere. This study evaluated N₂O emissions in soil with treated with pig slurry (PS) and swine manure compost (SMC). The study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 in an experiment, in southern Brazil. The system was minimal tillage with black oat and corn. The treatments were control, swine manure compost + mineral fertilization (SMC + MF) and pig slurry + mineral fertilization (PS + MF). The measurements of N₂O fluxes were carried out throughout the crop cycle with static chambers. Cumulative emission values, as well as crop yield and emission values per ton produced were compared with one another by the LSD test (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In general, the largest fluxes of N₂O were found in soil fertilized with PS + MF. There were intense emission peaks after PS application. Cumulative annual emissions of N₂O differed among treatments. Values ranged from 0.62 to 3.15 kg ha⁻¹ N₂O-N in control and PS + MF soil, respectively, representing a relative increase of 508%. The soil with SMC + MF showed a similar behavior to the control, with a cumulative annual emission of 0.65 kg ha⁻¹ N₂O-N. The soil with SMC helped to significantly reduce N₂O emissions in 4.8 times compared to the one with PS. This result highlights the use of compost as an alternative strategy to slurry to reduce N₂O emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promising Multi-Oxide Decorated Graphene Nanomaterials from Nickel Slag for Voltammetric Sensor Electrodes","authors":"Zul Arham,&nbsp;Muhammad Nurdin,&nbsp;Kurniawan Kurniawan,&nbsp;Ismaun Ismaun,&nbsp;Maulidiyah Maulidiyah,&nbsp;Akrajas Ali Umar,&nbsp;Sitti Jaria Ndora,&nbsp;Fika Ferlita","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08095-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08095-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waste processing such as nickel slag into multi-application nanomaterials (NSWN) has become the latest trend in environmental chemistry for the last year. Nickel slag is rich in silica oxide (SiO₂), alumina (Al₂O₃), and magnesium oxide (MgO) which has great potential to be used as an active material in renewable energy or electrochemical sensors. In this study, we modified nickel slag and studied its effect on the reversibility of graphene electrodes in solutions containing [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻/[Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ and lead metal (Pb²⁺) species. NSWN modification was carried out through acid leaching and thermal variations using temperatures of 400–600°C. Mixing of graphene and Multi Oxide-NSWN (MO-SNWN/Graphene) was carried out at a constant temperature of 80°C using paraffin oil as a binder. During the observation, the electrocatalytic properties of MO-NSWN were studied using cyclic voltammetry techniques. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results showed that thermal variations caused the morphology of NSWN in the form of irregular polygons to become small particles with smooth and dense surfaces. The calculation of the average particle diameter of NSWN using the Debye–Scherrer equation shows that thermal modification produces an average particle diameter of around 26–28 nm. The application of MO-NSWN as a Graphene electrode modifier shows excellent electrochemical reversibility properties in the Fe(CN)₆³⁻/Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻ solution system with an Ipa/Ipc value of ~ 1. Similar things are shown in the application of MO-SNWN/Graphene in a test solution containing lead metal ions (Pb²⁺). The presence of MO-SNWN increases the anodic and cathodic currents when the redox reaction of Pb²⁺ ions takes place. Other results illustrate that MO-SNWN/Graphene has good sensitivity and stability during the detection of Pb²⁺ ions. Overall, the results obtained in this work provide an overview of the good electrocatalytic properties of MO-NSWN. MO-NSWN can be further modified and applied as an electrode modifier material in wider applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Impact of Polyamide Microplastics on Ceftiofur Sodium Migration in Porous Media: Experimental and Modeling Insights","authors":"Yanna Chen,&nbsp;Ming Wu,&nbsp;Zhou Cheng,&nbsp;Yanru Hao,&nbsp;Cehui Mo,&nbsp;Qusheng Li,&nbsp;Jianfeng Wu,&nbsp;Jichun Wu,&nbsp;Bill X. Hu","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08089-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08089-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyamide (PA) and cephalosporin, specifically ceftiofur sodium (CTFS), are commonly found in soil environments. The impact of microplastics on the transport of cephalosporin cannot be disregarded due to their surface hydrophobicity and large specific surface area. This study investigates the influence of PA microplastics on the transport of CTFS in porous media through a combination of experimental and numerical modeling approaches, investigating how environmental factors affect CTFS transport. The adsorption of CTFS on PA is inversely correlated with the increase in ionic strength, specifically with the presence of Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Ba²⁺ ions. This suggests a significant impact of ionic strength on the adsorption process. Experimental findings indicate that higher mass fractions of PA result in greater retention of CTFS within the columns. Conversely, elevated flow velocities and initial CTFS concentrations facilitate the migration of CTFS in PA-silica sand (SS) mixed porous media. Additionally, the migration of CTFS is modeled using the advection–dispersion equation (ADE) with first-order kinetics, yielding a coefficient of determination (R²) exceeding 0.95. Subsequently, the correlation between kinetic parameters of CTFS and various environmental factors such as PA%, flow velocity, initial concentration, and ionic types and strengths is determined. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the environmental interactions between microplastic particles and antibiotics within porous media, and offer a scientific foundation for precise forecasting and evaluation of the environmental hazards posed by microplastic contamination in soil-groundwater system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Traits Driving Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Aggressive Spread and Ecosystem Disruption","authors":"Ummar Iqbal,&nbsp;Abdul Wahab,&nbsp;Sadaf Rafiq,&nbsp;Sibgha Noreen,&nbsp;Sana Abid,&nbsp;Muhammad Sharif,&nbsp;Mehboob Ahmad,&nbsp;Muhammad Yousuf","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08045-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08045-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water hyacinth is a highly invasive aquatic macrophyte that presents significant ecological and socio-economic challenges, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Ten populations of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> were collected from ecologically distinct aquatic environments in Punjab to evaluate growth and anatomical traits that contribute to the ecological success of this invasive species under varying water conditions. Structural adaptations related to roots and leaves exhibited phenotypic variation across different habitats. In high-salinity and polluted environments, such as feeder canals, <i>E. crassipes</i> exhibited protective adaptations, including reduced growth, smaller leaves, and minimal modifications in root and leaf tissues. The population from irrigation canals displayed intermediate growth, characterized by enhanced storage and vascular tissues, which facilitated efficient resource allocation. In less stressed environments, such as headworks, the plant showed rapid growth and resource acquisition strategies, developing larger dermal, storage, and vascular tissues, along with increased leaf thickness, chlorenchyma, and cortex. Notably, <i>E. crassipes</i> exhibited pronounced lacunae and larger vascular bundles surrounded by a thicker bundle sheath cell layer, indicative of C₄ Kranz anatomy. The plants from highly polluted waters exhibited larger lysigenous cavities, a lignified endodermis in roots, and specialized palisade mesophyll in leaves, aiding buoyancy and survival in degraded aquatic ecosystems. These features collectively contribute to <i>E. crassipes</i> adaptability in diverse aquatic habitats, including headworks, feeder canals, irrigation canals, and polluted water bodies. Effective management strategies should be tailored to local water conditions and incorporate both biological and physical controls.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons from Water Samples Using Solid Phase Extraction and Analysis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography","authors":"Lebogang Masemola,&nbsp;Adivhaho Khwathisi,&nbsp;Dakalo Ndou,&nbsp;Nikita Tavengwa,&nbsp;Tebogo Mokgehle","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08031-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08031-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pervasive toxic chemicals that occur as a result of long-term anthropogenic induced pollution. In this study, a column extraction set-up incorporating avocado peel powder was applied for removal of PAHs; naphthalene and anthracene from Nandoni Dam, an essential source of drinking water within the Thulamela district in Limpopo, South Africa. Parameters that were optimized in the extraction of these pollutants include sorbent diameter, concentration of standard PAHs, mass of sorbent, sample pH, loading volume, elution solvent, and elution volume. In this study, avocado peels powder was used as the sorbent. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used as the instrument of analysis, and it showed that SPE was effective in the extraction of PAHs using a sorbent size of 16 µm and a standard concentration of 9 mg L⁻¹. The results also revealed that the optimum sorbent mass was 250 mg with toluene as the elution solvent. Maximum recovery of the PAHs was observed to be at sample pH 7 with 75 mL as the loading volume and 5 mL as the elution volume. The detection of PAHs from real water samples proved that the SPE method is effective in the extraction of wastewaters with avocado peels as the sorbent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-025-08031-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}