Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Environment: A Comprehensive Review on Detection Techniques

Abstract

Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs), which arise from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris or are intentionally produced on smaller scales, can persist in the environment for long periods due to their small dimensions. Considering that these particles are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, concerns arise regarding their potential adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health, which is the reason why their identification is becoming of paramount importance nowadays. In this review, we present an updated survey of the main techniques currently employed to identify MNPs, focusing on the well-established FT-IR and Raman techniques, which are recognized as the gold standard in the analysis of these materials. We also explore new approaches to detect MNPs, including electroanalytical techniques, microfluidic systems, and varied mass spectrometry techniques. Furthermore, other techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and others, which help to complement the chemical and structural analysis of MNPs, are also evaluated. Combining these different approaches offers a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of micro- and nanoplastic materials across various environments, thereby supporting the implementation of target strategies to help to mitigate the impact of these emerging pollutants on both environment and human health.