环境•农林最新文献

{"title":"Integrating Simulation and Experimental Approaches for Nitrogen Removal: Feammox Enrichments and Bioaugmentation with High Fe(III) Demand","authors":"Carolina Rodríguez,&nbsp;Jaime Cisternas,&nbsp;Jennyfer Serrano,&nbsp;Eduardo Leiva","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08134-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08134-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitrogen is an essential element for life but its excessive release into the environment in the form of reactive nitrogen causes severe damage, including acidification and eutrophication. One of the main sources of nitrogen pollution is the use of fertilizers in agricultural soils. Feammox is a recently described pathway that couples ammonium (NH₄⁺) oxidation with iron (Fe) reduction. In this study, the enrichment and bioaugmentation of anaerobic sludge under conditions that promote Feammox activity were investigated. The first enrichment stage (E1) achieved 28% of ammonium removal after 28 days of incubation, with a production of 30 mg/L of Fe²⁺. E1 was then used as inoculum for two enrichments at 35 °C with different carbon sources: sodium acetate (E2) and sodium bicarbonate (E3). Neither E2 nor E3 showed significant NH₄⁺ removal, but E2 was highly effective in iron reduction, reaching Fe²⁺ concentrations of 110 mg/L. Additionally, an increase in nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentration was observed, which may indicate the occurrence of this pathway in the Feammox process. The Monod kinetic model, analyzed using AQUASIM software, showed a good fit to the experimental data for NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and Fe²⁺. Sequencing analysis revealed the presence of phyla associated with Feammox activity. Although there was only a slight difference in NH₄⁺ removal between the bioaugmented and non-augmented control sludge, the bioaugmented sludge was statistically superior in nitrate production and iron reduction. This study provides valuable insights into the enrichment and bioaugmentation of the Feammox process potential large-scale wastewater treatment applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Alternating Reactor Functions on Aerobic Granular Sludge: Treatment Efficiency of Brewery Wastewater and Microbial Community","authors":"Shuo Yang,&nbsp;Dongxu Lu,&nbsp;Shaogen Liu,&nbsp;Yunkun Wang,&nbsp;Hongkui He,&nbsp;Jintong Ma,&nbsp;Liming Qin","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08148-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08148-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Brewery wastewater typically contains abundant refractory organic substances, that pose challenges, such as poor stability and low pollutant removal efficiency, when treated with conventional aerobic granular sludge (AGS). Hydrolytic acidification (HA) is an effective pretreatment approach that enhances the biological properties of wastewater. However, prolonged HA may lead to the disintegration of the AGS, thereby affecting its treatment efficacy. To address this issue, we propose an operational mode with alternating reactor functions, integrating HA with an SBR and alternately switching the functions of HA and SBR to maintain the stability of AGS and improve wastewater treatment efficiency. The experimental findings revealed that after the acclimation stage, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, NH4⁺-N, and PO₄³⁺-P in the experimental group reached 84.95%, 77.05%, 98.96%, and 79.38%, respectively, which were notably superior to those in the control group, which were 76.7%, 70.6%, 97.73%, and 78.61%, respectively. The results of the microbial community analysis suggest that the alternating operational mode facilitates the enrichment of functional microbial communities associated with pollutant removal, further augmenting the pollutant removal capacity. Our results offer a novel perspective for the application of AGS in the treatment of brewery wastewater and demonstrate that the alternating reactor function mode can effectively enhance treatment efficiency. Future research could further optimize the operating conditions and explore the application potential of the alternating operation of HA and SBR in the treatment of diverse types of wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of a New Clay Based Magnetic Composite Muscovite/Fe2O3/FTS for Efficient Removal of Toxic Metal Ions","authors":"Charifa Chahrazed Hanagria,&nbsp;Boumediene Haddou,&nbsp;Abdelkader Debab,&nbsp;Ibrahim Ameri,&nbsp;Sabah Ansar,&nbsp;Kavita Sharma,&nbsp;Asmaa Benettayeb","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08127-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08127-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we developed a magnetic composite using Muscovite which was functionalized with Fe₂O₃ and sodium folate (FTS: C₁₉H₁₈N₇NaO₆) to remove Sm(III), Co(II), and Ni(II) metal ions from wastewater. Various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta-sizer devices, were employed to analyze the magnetic composite Muscovite/Fe₂O₃/FTS. After conducting an optimization study of the adsorption operating conditions, we found that the optimum pH for the adsorption of all metals was 6. Isotherm calculations indicated that the langmuir and sips model provided the best fit (with R² ≥ 0.9) for the adsorption of all metal ions. According to the langmuir model, at a pH of 6.0, SD of 1 g L⁻¹, in an adsorbate concentration range of 30 to 300 mg/L, the adsorption capacities of Sm(III), Co(II), and Ni(II) were found to be 40 mg.g⁻¹, 151.4 mg.g⁻¹, and 154 mg.g⁻¹, respectively. It was noted that pseudo 2nd order (PSORE) model was the best fit for the kinetics of adsorption of these three metal ions on the composite with an the average relative errors (ARE) of less than 13% and with a q_max,exp close to q_theoretical. Negative values of ∆G° were obtained at all three temperatures (298, 303, and 313 K), indicated the spontaneity and feasibility of the adsorption processes for Sm(III) and Ni(II) on the magnetic composite. We observed that spontaneity decreased as the temperature increased. We found that nitric acid (HNO₃, 0.5 M) was the most effective eluent, and Muscovite/Fe₂O₃/FTS composite could be reused up to 6 consecutive cycles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater Hydrogeochemistry, Regional Vulnerability and Trace Metal Enrichments Around Indus Basin Agricultural Fields of SE Punjab, India","authors":"Susanta Paikaray,&nbsp;Parul Singh,&nbsp;Shefali Chander,&nbsp;Alankrit Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Athiyarath Krishnan Sudheer,&nbsp;Sanjeev Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08126-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08126-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquifer-groundwater interaction plays an important role in controlling subsurface hydrogeochemistry along semi-arid regions because of limited rainfall and overexploitation of groundwater for domestic and irrigation use. Geochemical processes, nature of aquifer mineralogy, irrigation and domestic usability of groundwater, and pollution vulnerability along Indo-Gangetic Quaternary alluvial plain of Fatehgarh Sahib, SE Punjab, India was studied. The groundwater is slightly alkaline (pH 7.4–8.3) with total dissolved solids of 520–1060 mg L⁻¹, hardness of 164–314 mg L⁻¹ CaCO₃ and salinity of 400–800 mg L⁻¹ where the central region contains little greater contents. Groundwater is of NaHCO₃ and CaHCO₃ water type and Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻ constitute the abundant cations and anions, respectively. Silicate rock weathering and evaporation processes have majorly controlled the regional hydrogeochemistry, while cation exchange has dominated the ion exchange process. Other than water hardness (&gt; 160 mg L⁻¹ CaCO₃), K⁺ (&gt; 5.8 mg L⁻¹) and HCO₃⁻ (&gt; 360 mg L⁻¹), no threats for drinking purpose is found from physical properties and chemical composition of groundwater. However, combined parameter weighted arithmetic water quality indices (WQI) suggest poor to very poor quality for drinking use (WQI- 133–325). A mixed irrigation suitability is inferred from agricultural indices where residual sodium carbonate (RSC- 0.9–5.2) and Kelley’s ratio (KR- 0.5–1.4) suggests &gt; 50% of the studied groundwater is unsuitable for irrigation use, while percent sodium (Na%- 31–57) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR- 2.0–3.8) suggests their permissible limits with no sodium hazard concerns. Upto 2.0 mg L⁻¹ F⁻ was measured where &gt; 40% samples exceeds the desirable limit (1.0 mg L⁻¹) and SW region groundwater is relatively enriched in F⁻ irrespective of their depth. Both geogenic and fertilizer origin of F⁻ is proposed with no sharp distinction of predominance of any. Uranium and As contents exceed the permissible limit in 43% (&gt; 30 µg L⁻¹) and 21% (&gt; 10 µg L⁻¹) of the studied groundwater, while Se, Cu, Cr, Co, Mo, Ni, Zn, Th are within their permissible limits with heavy metal pollution indices of 16–167. The central and SW region groundwater which is the regional groundwater flow direction is more deteriorated in terms of drinking and irrigation use and trace metal and F⁻ enrichment compared to eastern and NE region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Visible Light Photocatalytic Efficiency of Sol–Gel Derived Zinc Ferrite: A Comparative Analysis of Nanoparticles and Thin Films","authors":"Samir Briche,&nbsp;Mustapha Boutamart,&nbsp;Otman Abida,&nbsp;Khalid Nouneh,&nbsp;Lekbira El Mersly,&nbsp;El Mountassir El Mouchtari,&nbsp;Salah Rafqah","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08133-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08133-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study is regarding the novel synthesis of zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) thin films and nanoparticles by a sol–gel transition. In this study, we performed hydrolysis/polycondensation reactions on a mixture of zinc and iron alkoxides. To gather information about surface morphology, chemical composition, optical properties, and crystal structure, we applied UV–VIS, FTIR, XRD, BET, TGA–DSC, AFM, and TEM. We also studied how well the ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles and thin films would degrade Orange G, a model pollutant, through visible light exposure and photocatalytic activity. The results showed the nanoparticles provided the best photocatalytic activity at 500 °C and thin films at 450 °C. The immobilized photocatalyst still demonstrated activity. However, it did not reach the activity levels exhibited by the nanoparticles. This would be expected due to the larger specific surface area of the nanoparticles.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal-organic frameworks as versatile platforms for sustainable crop disease management: A comprehensive review of mechanisms and applications","authors":"Hafiza Ayesha Masood, Temoor Ahmed, Muhammad Khubaib Zahid, Muhammad Noman, Muhammad Arslan Yousaf, Hayssam M. Ali, Bin Li, Shaojie Han","doi":"10.1039/d5en00042d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00042d","url":null,"abstract":"Plant diseases pose a major threat to agricultural productivity and global food security, particularly in the context of climate change and increasing pesticide resistance. This review explores the emerging potential of metal-organic framework (MOF)-enabled nanoformulations as an innovative solution for sustainable plant disease management. MOFs, characterized by their tunable pore size, structural versatility and high surface area, offer unique advantages for the controlled delivery of agrochemicals and enhancement of plant protection strategies. We discuss the multiple mechanisms through which MOF nanoformulations combat plant diseases, including direct pathogen inhibition through reactive oxygen species generation and membrane disruption, activation of plant defense responses through systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), and controlled release of active ingredients and pesticides. Recent advances in MOF design and synthesis have confirmed their effectiveness in controlling numerous plant pathogens while reducing environmental impact compared to conventional pesticides. The review examines the uptake and translocation patterns of MOF nanoformulations in plants, highlighting the importance of understanding these processes for optimal delivery system design. Furthermore, we address current challenges and future perspectives in the field, including the need for scalable production methods, long-term environmental impact studies, and integration with other advanced agricultural technologies. As agriculture faces increasing pressures from climate change and resistant pathogens, MOF-enabled nanoformulations represent a promising frontier in developing more sustainable and effective crop protection strategies to ensure food security.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144122693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharing the road: Political ideologies and political party preference as drivers of public transport infrastructure support","authors":"Joanna Syrda","doi":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urgently needed policy efforts to reduce emissions are often met with divided support, arguably along political lines. While an effective path forward requires shared attitudes and cooperation, political polarization on this issue has been observed in many countries, including the UK.</div><div>Using a representative sample of British citizens (N = 2,515), this research is the first to examine if and to what extent political ideologies − specifically welfarism and economic left–right orientation − along with party preference, drive support for various transport infrastructure policy directions: (a) new cycle lanes, (b) improving existing public transport, (c) spaces for electric car charging points, (d) building carparks, (e) widening pavements, and (f) creating pedestrian high streets – individually and as an aggregate scale.</div><div>While left-leaning individuals are more likely to support the listed transport initiatives both in aggregate and individually, this research is the first to show that welfarist political ideology plays the most significant role in half of the cases and ranks second only to political party preference in the other half. This highly significant positive relationship between welfarism and these transport initiatives is moderated – and strengthened − by both high interest in politics and high degree of closeness to a political party.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":328,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 103012"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of MXenes, nZVI and Acacia-wood Biochar Treatments on Bioavailability Pb and Fractions in Calcareous-polluted Soils","authors":"Ghulam Murtaza,&nbsp;Najmaldin Ezaldin Hassan,&nbsp;Muhammad Usman,&nbsp;Gang Deng,&nbsp;Zeeshan Ahmed,&nbsp;Javed Iqbal,&nbsp;Mohamed S. Elshikh,&nbsp;Humaira Rizwana,&nbsp;Rashid Iqbal","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08146-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08146-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The remediation of contaminated soils with heavy metals is a critical environmental policy in both developing and industrialized countries. The various adsorbents utilization is an effective method for the immobilization of toxic metals in contaminated soils. The present research sought to evaluate lead (Pb) immobilization in contaminated calcareous soil impacted by the application of different amendments such as <i>Acacia</i>-wood biochar MXenes, and nZVI and their interaction during maize growth. The study employed three amendments, biochar MXenes, and nZVI at three concentrations (0, 2.5, and 5%) and various levels of Pb pollution (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg soil). An incubation time of 16 weeks was designated for homogenization of supplements in soil, and maize cultivated following standard procedures. After incubation, various fractions of Pb, such as residual, organic matter-bound, carbonate-bound, exchangeable, and manganese and iron-bound, were determined. Additionally, Pb was assessed using EDTA and DTPA techniques and 1000-grain weight of maize was recorded. The findings indicated that maximum concentration of Pb associated with organic matter was achieved in the 5% <i>Acacia</i>-wood biochar application, reaching 20 mg/kg. Maximum and minimum concentration of Pb extracted was DTPA were recorded in the control sample (95 mg/kg) and 5% biochar treatment (65 mg/kg). Findings indicated that enhancing quantities of biochar and MXenes supplements enhanced weight of 1000 grains of maize across all treatments. Results indicate that biochar and MXenes addition decreased level of Pb extracted using EDTA (129 mg/kg) and DTPA (79 mg/kg). Findings indicated that biochar and MXenes application decreased active Pb and Pb mobility in soil by enhancing carbonate and organic fractions. The biochar and MXenes addition in remediation of soil can improve their efficacy in decreasing the level and active Pb mobility. Biochar offers stable C matrix for more Pb immobilization, whereas MXenes enhance adsorption potential and facilitate ion-exchange ability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms for facet-dependent biological effects and environmental risks of engineered nanoparticles: A review","authors":"Jie Tang, Jinghua Hao, Xianwei Wang, Lili Niu, Nali Zhu, Zhigang Li, Lingxiangyu Li, Yawei Wang, Guibin Jiang","doi":"10.1039/d5en00414d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00414d","url":null,"abstract":"Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have revolutionized multiple disciplines due to their unique physicochemical properties, which is significantly influenced by the specific crystal facets exposed on the surfaces of NPs. This review critically examined underlying mechanisms by which crystal facets impacted biological effects and environmental risks of NPs. We illustrated facet-dependent interactions between NPs and macromolecules like natural organic matter, extracellular polymeric substances, and proteins, wherein the interactions modulated biological effects of NPs. Also, facet-dependent transformation, bioavailability, and risk of NPs were discussed based on the fate of NPs during their environmental processes, documenting that the exposed facets inevitably influenced environmental risk of NPs. We elaborated on potential mechanisms for the facet-dependent generation or quenching of reactive oxygen species that were highly associated with biological effects or environmental risk through oxidative stress. By systematically elucidating the facet-dependent mechanisms for biological effects and environmental risks of NPs, this review provided an insight into environmental health of NPs that was attributable to differences in the atom-level arrangement on the surface of NPs.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144113800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of Microplastic Pollution in Skadar Lake within the National Park of Montenegro","authors":"Neda Bošković,&nbsp;Željko Jaćimović,&nbsp;Oliver Bajt","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08138-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08138-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates, for the first time, the abundance, composition, distribution, sources, and ecological risks of microplastics (MPs) in the shore sediments of Skadar Lake in Montenegro. MPs were detected in all sediment samples, with their presence varying by sampling site and season. The MP abundances, measured as particles per 100 g of dry sediment, ranged from 9–22, with an average of 15.4 ± 4.3. The identified MP shapes included fibers, fragments, and films, with fibers (41%), sizes 1–3 mm (33.3%), and the color blue (31.9%) being the most dominant. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed polyethylene and polypropylene as the primary polymers. The pollution load index (PLI) and polymer hazard index (PHI) were used to assess sediment quality. PLI values indicated a low level of MP pollution in the sediments of Skadar Lake, suggesting a minor ecological risk. High PHI values were noted due to the presence of MPs with high-hazard score polymers. This study lays the groundwork for future monitoring and a better understanding of MP pollution, distribution, and potential sources in freshwater ecosystems. Our findings could support the implementation of preventive measures to reduce MP pollution in Skadar Lake, which is part of the National Park of Montenegro.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}