环境•农林最新文献

{"title":"The sulphidation of ZnO nanoparticles enhances zinc recovery in the Zn-starved barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): The interplay of metal acquisition and cellular homeostasis","authors":"Izabela Josko, Mikołaj Feculak, Patryk Oleszczuk, Bożena Czech, Mohammed Alyafei, Magdalena Sozoniuk, Mohamed Sheteiwy","doi":"10.1039/d4en01165a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4en01165a","url":null,"abstract":"The sulphidation of metal-based engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) presents a promising strategy to alleviate their ecotoxicity, particularly for ZnO ENPs used in plant growth enhancement. However, little is known about the interactions of sulphidized ENPs with plants, including their ionome. Considering the key-driver properties ENPs for their improvement plant growth may be strongly affected by the sulphidation. This study investigated the response of Zn-deficient barley to pristine (nZnO) and sulphidized ZnO ENPs (sulph-nZnO) at 0.5 mg Zn/L under hydroponic conditions. The experimental approach evaluated plant biomass, elemental composition, and gene expression related to metal acquisition and homeostasis. Key findings revealed that Zn treatment of Zn-deficient plants showed higher Zn loading than the plants growing with Zn source by 43 – 117%, and Zn distribution was primarily concentrated in shoots, in which Zn level was as follows: nZnO < sulph-nZnO < ZnSO4. ENPs caused a comparable accumulation pattern of other metals (Fe, Mn, K, Ca) in barley shoots after 7 days, their content was higher than ZnSO4 treatment. The transcript levels of most of the analyzed ZIP genes were similar regardless of the Zn compound treatments. In contrast, the gene expression related to vacuolar Zn sequestration and antioxidant mechanisms exhibited variability in the Zn-treated plants. In turn, the expression patterns of genes encoding Zn sequestration and antioxidant enzymes in barley shoots and roots did not directly correlate with total Zn content in plant tissues. However, the distinct transcriptional response may be associated with the ratios of different metals present. Although the spectroscopic and transcriptional profiles were generally consistent across ENP treatments, the sulph-nZnO exhibited enhanced Zn uptake and elevated expression of ZIP1, a zinc-responsive gene involved in zinc efficiency. This suggests its potential as an innovative approach to improving plant elemental nutrition.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zn3(PO4)2 shell effects on Zn uptake and cellular distribution of root applied ZnO NPs","authors":"Sandra Rodrigues, Astrid Avellan, Hiram Castillo-Michel, Matheus C. R. Miranda, Diana Salvador, Aude Calas, Gregory V. Lowry, Sónia M. Rodrigues","doi":"10.1039/d5en00217f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00217f","url":null,"abstract":"Touted benefits of nanoparticle-based fertilizers include enhancing crop nutrition by fortifying fruits or grains with nutrient metals and reducing environmental impacts of fertilizer use. However, the properties of the nanoparticles (NPs) and application routes required to achieve these benefits are not yet established. This study examined how a Zn-phosphate shell on ZnO NPs (ZnO_Ph NPs) affected root uptake, cellular distribution, transformation, and translocation of Zn in pepper plants (<em>Capsicum annuum</em>), and compared the efficacy of root- to foliarly-applied NPs. Pepper plants roots were exposed to ZnO NPs (26 ± 8 nm), ZnO_Ph NPs (48 ± 12 nm), or ionic Zn. After 6 weeks, 30–37% of root-applied Zn was absorbed, with 6.0–7.2% (2.4–2.9 μg) reaching the fruits. ZnO_Ph NPs resulted in lower total Zn uptake, but higher mobility into the root vasculature and stem epidermis, likely due to P–Zn co-delivery modulating translocation mechanisms. Foliar application of these NPs led to lower Zn uptake (2.4% for ZnO_Ph NPs; 0.5% for ZnO NPs) compared to root application. However, a greater proportion of the Zn that was taken up for foliar-applied ZnO_Ph NP translocated to the fruits (27%) compared to root application (10%). Root and foliar applications also led to contrasting Zn speciation in the stem vasculature. Foliar-applied Zn formed only carboxyl and phytate-like complexes, while root-applied Zn also formed Zn–S–R complexes, indicating distinct Zn transport and storage responses, possibly explaining the higher relative mobility to the fruits when foliar-applied. These findings demonstrate that Zn uptake efficiency and speciation depend on both application method and nanoparticle formulation. They also suggest that multi-nutrient NPs can fortify foods, potentially offering a new strategy for improving plant nutrition.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144165513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of simulated squirrel branch landings on ants and other arboreal arthropods.","authors":"A R Seiler, E J Schleff, O M Gamsky, A Y Stark, S P Yanoviak","doi":"10.1007/s00114-025-01993-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00114-025-01993-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wind, rain, and the activities of vertebrates frequently dislodge arthropods from tree surfaces, resulting in arthropod \"rain\" beneath trees. The probability of falling likely differs among taxa based on their adhesive capacities and ability to anticipate disturbance. We quantified the motion of red oak (Quercus rubra Linnaeus [Fagales: Fagaceae]) leaves, and the composition of arthropods dislodged from woody vegetation, following disturbance mimicking branch landings by eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin [Rodentia: Sciuridae]). Simulated squirrel landings caused terminal leaves on red oak branches to move rapidly (up to 100 cm s^-1) upward and inward toward the tree trunk during the first 50 ms, and dislodged 30% of the arthropods present on a branch. The composition of fallen arthropods was similar to those that remained on the branches, but the proportion dislodged differed among taxa. We used a small catapult to test the effect of leaf movement on the adhesive capabilities of workers of the carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus DeGeer (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arboreal ants presumably anticipate disturbance; thus, they were either \"warned\" or \"unwarned\" before each launch. Most ants (98%) were dislodged by the catapult. Warning did not affect the average (± SE) initial velocity (126.0 ± 72.0 cm s^-1) or maximum height (22.8 ± 9.3 cm) of launched ants. However, both variables were positively associated with ant mass. The results illustrate the limited ability of many arboreal arthropods to avoid the consequences of a common natural hazard and improve our understanding of the challenges imposed by an arboreal lifestyle.</p>","PeriodicalId":794,"journal":{"name":"The Science of Nature","volume":"112 3","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144155489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Alkylphenols In Environmental Samples With Metagenomic Impact Assessments","authors":"Ajay Kumar,&nbsp;Ashwini Kumar,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Malik,&nbsp;Avneesh Kumar,&nbsp;Vajinder Kumar,&nbsp;Baljinder Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11270-025-08145-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11270-025-08145-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A simple and accurate quantitative method was used for four endocrine disruptors: 4-tert butyl phenol (4-TBP), 4-tert amyl phenol (4-TAP), 4-cumyl phenol (4-CP), and 3-tert butyl phenol (3-TBP) using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) detection in river water, domestic water, domestic wastewater, sludge, and soil samples. Carbowax templated resin (50 µm) fiber was employed to extract the analytes from aqueous samples. The limits of detection (LOD) for 4-TBP, 4-TAP, 4-CP, and 3-TBP were 1.33, 0.78, 0.89, and 0.17 ng/mL, respectively. To assess the alkylphenol content introduced into water from domestic use (household activities of Patiala city), concentrations were measured in both household water and wastewater generated from domestic activities in Patiala, India. To assess the alkylphenol content introduced into water from domestic activities in Patiala, Punjab, India, concentrations were measured in both the tube-well water supplied to households and the domestic wastewater generated from these activities. Additionally, metagenomic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted on soil samples and domestic wastewater sludge to evaluate the impact of alkylphenols on the microbial community. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed a rich microbial community, with 20 phyla detected. Despite this diversity, only seven phyla accounted for more than 90% of the total bacterial population in each sample, with Proteobacteria being the most prevalent phylum across both sample types.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":808,"journal":{"name":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","volume":"236 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOF-derived Ni-Cu bimetallic interfaces synergy modified TiO2 for efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to formate in ammonia nitrogen wastewater","authors":"Junjie Yang, Jun Xie, Junxian Qin, Jin Shang, Hiromi Yamashita, Daiqi Ye, Yun Hu","doi":"10.1039/d5en00297d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00297d","url":null,"abstract":"To address the critical challenges in photocatalytic CO2 reduction systems- including rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, indiscriminate product distribution, and oxidative degradation of liquid-phase intermediates, we designed a ZIF-8-derived Ni-Cu bimetallic modified TiO2 (NiCu-GC-TiO2) for synergistic formate synthesis from CO2 and ammonia nitrogen wastewater The research results indicate that Ni-Cu forms a highly dispersed interface through N bridges , significantly enhancing charge separation efficiency. In the NH3-N system at pH=10, the formate yield reached 116.2 μmol L-¹ (99.4% selectivity), which was 9.4 times higher than TiO2. Ammonia nitrogen serves as an oxidative substrate that accelerates hole consumption while inhibiting formate oxidation. Isotope experiments confirmed that formate protons originate entirely from ammonia nitroge, and the protons released from ammonia nitrogen oxidation drive the directed conversion of CO2 to formate. The system can directly utilize HCO3- as a carbon source, compatible with industrial carbon capture processes. Cycling tests and flow-phase experiments demonstrated excellent material stability and practical applicability. This research provides a novel strategy for synergistic mechanisms between photocatalytic CO2 reduction and wastewater treatment, benefiting for both environment and energy.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land-use spillovers from environmental policy interventions","authors":"Diana Ramírez-Mejía ,&nbsp;Yves Zinngrebe ,&nbsp;Erle C. Ellis ,&nbsp;Peter H. Verburg","doi":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental policy interventions are crucial for addressing biodiversity loss and climate change, yet their effectiveness can be compromised by land-use spillovers, where efforts to reduce impacts in one place displace them elsewhere. Despite growing recognition of spillovers, they remain unevenly defined, inconsistently measured, and poorly integrated into policy evaluation and accountability frameworks. This systematic review synthesizes current research on land-use spillovers triggered by environmental policies, including carbon pricing, protected areas, supply chain interventions, and payments for ecosystem services. We identify three dominant pathways: leakage, indirect land use change (iLUC), and positive spillovers, emerging under common conditions such as weak enforcement, market integration, limited livelihood alternatives, and accessible frontier lands. These conditions are shaped by broader institutional, economic, demographic, and biophysical drivers, yet are rarely integrated into policy design and evaluation. While methods to evaluate spillover effects range from global scale ex ante models to local ex post spatial and econometric analyses, few studies bridge scales or connect findings to international policy frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) or the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Cases are concentrated in climate-linked interventions and in South America, leaving important geographic and sectoral blind spots. This limits their relevance for designing policies that minimize displaced impacts and foster more durable outcomes. Advancing spillover research will require common frameworks, more consistent methodologies, and multi-scale tools that can enhance comparability, attribution, and integration into environmental governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":328,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 103013"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144155007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Environment: A Comprehensive Review on Detection Techniques","authors":"Fabricio Aparecido dos Santos, Rafaela Andre, Augusto Alvarenga, Ana Laura Alves, Daniel Souza Correa","doi":"10.1039/d4en00319e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4en00319e","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs), which arise from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris or are intentionally produced on smaller scales, can persist in the environment for long periods due to their small dimensions. Considering that these particles are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, concerns arise regarding their potential adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health, which is the reason why their identification is becoming of paramount importance nowadays. In this review, we present an updated survey of the main techniques currently employed to identify MNPs, focusing on the well-established FT-IR and Raman techniques, which are recognized as the gold standard in the analysis of these materials. We also explore new approaches to detect MNPs, including electroanalytical techniques, microfluidic systems, and varied mass spectrometry techniques. Furthermore, other techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and others, which help to complement the chemical and structural analysis of MNPs, are also evaluated. Combining these different approaches offers a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of micro- and nanoplastic materials across various environments, thereby supporting the implementation of target strategies to help to mitigate the impact of these emerging pollutants on both environment and human health.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attributing deforestation-driven biodiversity decline in the Gran Chaco to agricultural commodity supply chains","authors":"Isabel Carpenter ,&nbsp;Tobias Kuemmerle ,&nbsp;Alfredo Romero-Muñoz ,&nbsp;Sebastián Aguiar ,&nbsp;Ignacio Gasparri ,&nbsp;Michael J. Lathuillière ,&nbsp;Sofía Nanni ,&nbsp;Vivian Ribero ,&nbsp;Matthias Baumann","doi":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural expansion is one of the principal drivers of biodiversity loss globally. Attributing biodiversity loss to domestically consumed versus internationally traded agricultural production is vital to make supply chains more transparent and sustainable. However, such an attribution is challenging due to the complexity of agricultural supply chains and the lack of tools and data. Here, we attributed biodiversity decline in the Gran Chaco, specifically the Argentinian and Paraguayan Chaco, to both soy and beef agricultural commodities and the domestic and foreign demand for these. We integrated three sources of multitemporal data at a subnational scale (data on mammal diversity, land use change and commodity trade) to first differentiate pasture- versus cropland-driven biodiversity decline and second, to assess the share of the decline associated with domestically consumed and internationally traded Argentinian and Paraguayan soy and Paraguayan beef. In doing so, we provided four novel insights. First, pasture expansion had a greater relative biodiversity impact than cropland expansion. Second, the biodiversity decline associated with domestic and international consumption depended on both the quantity of imports and the precise location of production and sourcing. Third, domestic consumption of commodities in Argentina and Paraguay was associated with a much greater risk of driving decline in biodiversity than agricultural exports from these nations. Fourth, considering only one facet of biodiversity risks underestimating the decline in biodiversity linked to agricultural expansion and commodity supply chains. By connecting agriculturally driven biodiversity decline in the Gran Chaco to commodity supply chains, we highlight the importance of increasing the transparency of supply chains to make them more sustainable. Doing so will be critical to prevent further biodiversity loss in not only the Gran Chaco but also the other dry forests of the world.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":328,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 103011"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin and nanocopper synergistically regulate cadmium toxicity in Brassica napus: Evidences from photosynthesis phenomics, oxidative metabolism, and multiple defense responses","authors":"Zohaib Kaleem, Hafsah Shahbaz, Sharafat Ali, Anmol Albert, Di He, Rana Muhammad Amir Gulzar, Muhammad Asad Ullah Asad, Weijun Zhou, Kangni Zhang, Zaid Ulhassan","doi":"10.1039/d5en00012b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00012b","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium (Cd) toxicity severely impedes plant growth and yield. Melatonin (MEL) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have individually demonstrated to enhance plant growth and mitigate heavy metals stress. But, their interactive effects in managing Cd-toxicity in oilseed crops remain largely unexplored. Thus, we evaluated the efficacy of 10 µM MEL and/or 3 mg/L CuO NPs to regulate the tolerance of Brassica napus cultivars (ZD 635 and ZD 622) to Cd toxicity. Results revealed that CuO NPs and/or MEL greatly lowered the Cd toxicity by minimizing the accumulation of Cd (44‒53%), malondialdehyde (29‒37%), H2O2 (28‒35%) and O2•– (26‒34%), and improving the photosynthesis phenomics (pigments, gas exchanges, PSII and Chl a fluorescence), correlated with higher biomass, membrane integrity and lowered oxidative stress. Moreover, CuO NPs and/or MEL significantly boosted the antioxidants enzyme activity, total phenolics, total flavonoids, proline and phytohormones (SA, ABA, MEL and JA) production in Cd-treated plants, revealed the key roles of CuO NPs and/or MEL in improving plant defense. Additionally, the potential protective roles of CuO NPs and/or MEL significantly recovered the Cd indulged cellular damages as observed by the improvements in leaf ultrastructure (chloroplast, mitochondria, and thylakoids membrane etc.), stomatal aperture and guard cells. It was obvious that the combined applications of CuO NPs and MEL were more prominent in alleviating the accumulation and toxicity of Cd in B. napus tissues than alone treatment. The Cd-bioaccumulation, photosynthesis and antioxidant defense responses can serve as ideal indicators for oilseed crops grown in Cd-contaminated soils.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ion transport and metabolic regulation induced by nanoplastic toxicity in gill of Litopenaeus vannamei using proteomics","authors":"Yiming Li, Yucong Ye, Xiaoyi Zhu, Zongli Yao, Yan Li, Zhen Sun, Na Rihan, Yunlong Zhao, Qifang Lai","doi":"10.1039/d5en00040h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5en00040h","url":null,"abstract":"Polystyrene nanoplastic (PS-NP) pollution has become a global environmental problem, and its potential toxicity to aquatic organisms has led to widespread concern. In this study, a 28-day chronic nanoplastic exposure (0, 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>) experiment was established to investigate the effects of ion transport and metabolic regulation in Pacific white shrimp <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>. The results showed that the ion content in gill tissues decreased and the ATPase activities significantly decreased with the increase in PS-NP concentration. PS-NP exposure destroyed the gill tissue structure, disrupted the activity of ion transport enzymes, and affected the glutathione metabolism. The blood urea nitrogen, glutamate, and proline contents first increased and then decreased with the increase in PS-NP concentration. The expression of nitric oxide synthase and thioredoxin genes involved in energy metabolism decreased. The urea nitrogen content was negatively correlated with the ion transport module, and the proline content was positively correlated with the ion transport module and gene expression. Proteomic analysis results showed that PS-NP exposure mainly affected the amino acid biosynthesis and mTOR signaling pathway. These results suggested that PS-NP exposure negatively affected the physiological state of <em>L. vannamei</em> by interfering with the urea cycle and glutathione metabolism <em>via</em> inhibition of ion transport.","PeriodicalId":73,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Nano","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.131,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}