‘Condemn the fault and not the actor of it?’ Moving beyond the limits of recidivism to enhancing (re)humanisation through a Shakespeare-focussed, prison-based approach

ABSTRACT It is well researched, yet under-acknowledged in policy and practice, that prison alone is unsuccessful in reducing criminality. Though in the USA recidivism is high, recidivism is both a common and limited measure, rarely capturing individual nuances. This paper presents key findings from an ethnographically-informed exploration of a well-established multi-sited Shakespeare-focussed prison-based programme boasting broader positive outcomes, specifically surrounding one research question: What are the perceived outcomes of engagement in prison-based Shakespeare programmes, as reported by participants and practitioners? This paper outlines key overarching findings, surrounding perceived impacts of participation through the use of Shakespeare in multiple perceived roles (including playwright, character, mentor, friend, educator), work around literacy, emotional and expression skills and programme practices (including theatre-based activities, spaces, solo, group and ensemble activities, practitioner-participant interactions and ethos). These are connected to social-justice issues, concluding an overarching outcome of potential (re)humanisation of people in prison to society and themselves.