Caste, Social Capital and Precarity of Labour Market Intermediaries: The case of Dalit labour contractors in India

Research on precarity predominantly adopts a monolithic view of labour market intermediaries and ignores the differential distribution of precarity based on social group membership. This omission not only hinders a nuanced understanding of precarity but also prevents our ability to address inequalities. To address this, we examined the influence of caste on differential experiences of precarity among labour contractors in the garment industry in Tamil Nadu, India. We find that unequal distribution of social capital along caste lines leads to Dalit labour contractors experiencing greater precarity than their upper caste counterparts and also being stuck in such precarity. Specifically, caste-based dynamics of social capital threaten the survival of Dalit labour contractors by distorting their economic wellbeing and destabilising their leadership, and hinder their upward occupational mobility by confining their spatial mobility, limiting resourceful connections, and thwarting growth opportunities. Our study shines new light on how societal inequalities differentially distribute precarity among actors in the same occupation and underscores the intersectional nature of occupational precarity as well as the contextual nature of social capital.