On the estimation of hip joint centre location with incomplete bone ossification for foetus-specific neuromusculoskeletal modeling.

Childbirth is a complex physiological process in which a foetal neuromusculoskeletal model is of great importance to develop realistic delivery simulations and associated complication analyses. However, the estimation of hip joint centre (HJC) in foetuses remains a challenging issue. Thus, this paper aims to propose and evaluate a new approach to locate the HJC in foetuses. Hip CT-scans from 25 children (F = 11, age = 5.5 ± 2.6 years, height = 117 ± 21 cm, mass = 26 kg ± 9.5 kg) were used to propose and evaluate the novel acetabulum sphere fitting process to locate the HJC. This new approach using the acetabulum surface was applied to a population of 57 post-mortem foetal CT scans to locate the HJC as well as to determine associated regression equations using multiple linear regression. As results, the average distance between the HJC located using acetabulum sphere fitting and femoral head sphere fitting in children was 1.5 ± 0.7 mm. The average prediction error using our developed foetal HJC regression equations was 3.0 ± 1.5 mm, even though the equation for the x coordinate had a poor value of R² (R² for the x coordinate = 0.488). The present study suggests that the use of the acetabulum sphere fitting approach is a valid and accurate method to locate the HJC in children, and then can be extrapolated to get an estimation of the HJC in foetuses with incomplete bone ossification. Therefore, the present paper can be used as a guideline for foetus specific neuromusculoskeletal modelling.