Three-dimensional ultrastructure and hyperspectral imaging of metabolite accumulation and dynamics in Haematococcus and Chlorella

Basic as well as applied phycological researches have developed alongside light and electron microscopy. This article reviews recent studies of bioimaging in the context of algal biorefining, and explains how 3D-TEM imaging are becoming useful tools for analyzing and monitoring the dynamics of algal cells. Phycology has developed alongside light and electron microscopy techniques. Since the 1950s, progress in the field has accelerated dramatically with the advent of electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopes can only acquire imaging data on a 2D plane. Currently, many of the life sciences are seeking to obtain 3D images with electron microscopy for the accurate interpretation of subcellular dynamics. Three-dimensional reconstruction using serial sections is a method that can cover relatively large cells or tissues without requiring special equipment. Another challenge is monitoring secondary metabolites (such as lipids or carotenoids) in intact cells. This became feasible with hyperspectral cameras, which enable the acquisition of wide-range spectral information in living cells. Here, we review bioimaging studies on the intracellular dynamics of substances such as lipids, carotenoids and phosphorus using conventional to state-of-the-art microscopy techniques in the field of algal biorefining.