Muhammad Zahid Mumtaz, Rahila Aslam, Lingling Li, Shazmina Ghafoor, Shahbaz Khan, Abbas Muhammad Fahim, Waleed A. A. Alsakkaf, Hayssam M. Ali
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The current study hypothesized that beneficial rhizobacteria improve soil biochemical properties in calcareous soil through their impact on enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient availability in the rhizosphere.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Rhizobacterial strains were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and characterized in vitro for their mineral solubilization potential, production of beneficial metabolites, and various enzymatic activities. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sole and co-inoculation treatments on wheat growth, grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, soil enzymatic activities, and microbial biomass accumulation in wheat rhizosphere under calcareous soil conditions.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The most effective mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria were identified as <i>Bacillus altitudinis</i> (strains SAM1, SAM7, SAM13, and SAM15) and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (strain SAM9) through 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. These strains demonstrated the dissolution of insoluble tricalcium phosphate, mica, zinc oxide, and manganese oxide, and promoted nutrient availability in the soil by producing organic acids. Inoculation enhanced wheat growth and grain development by promoting nutrient acquisition and stimulating rhizospheric microbial activity. Both sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and nutrient availability in the wheat rhizosphere through organic matter decomposition. Among treatments, sole inoculation with <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> SAM9 and co-inoculation with <i>B. cereus</i> SAM9 + <i>B. altitudinis</i> SAM13 demonstrated the most dominant increase in wheat growth and grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, deposition of microbial biomass, and soil enzymatic activities.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The sole inoculation with <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> SAM9 and co-inoculation with <i>B. cereus</i> SAM9 + <i>B. altitudinis</i> SAM13 showed strong potential as bioinoculants for calcareous soils. These strains could be effectively integrated into commercial biofertilizer formulation as sustainable alternatives or supplements to chemical fertilizers, enhancing soil productivity and crop performance.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40538-025-00854-3","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Bacillus altitudinis and Bacillus cereus strains improve soil fertility, nutrient acquisition, biomass production, and yield of wheat grown on calcareous soil\",\"authors\":\"Muhammad Zahid Mumtaz, Rahila Aslam, Lingling Li, Shazmina Ghafoor, Shahbaz Khan, Abbas Muhammad Fahim, Waleed A. A. Alsakkaf, Hayssam M. Ali\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s40538-025-00854-3\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria are considered ecological friendly rhizonutrifying agents capable of promoting rhizospheric enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient availability even under nutrient-deficient alkaline soil conditions. However, comprehensive studies on their effectiveness in calcareous soil are lacking. The current study hypothesized that beneficial rhizobacteria improve soil biochemical properties in calcareous soil through their impact on enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient availability in the rhizosphere.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Rhizobacterial strains were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and characterized in vitro for their mineral solubilization potential, production of beneficial metabolites, and various enzymatic activities. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sole and co-inoculation treatments on wheat growth, grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, soil enzymatic activities, and microbial biomass accumulation in wheat rhizosphere under calcareous soil conditions.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The most effective mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria were identified as <i>Bacillus altitudinis</i> (strains SAM1, SAM7, SAM13, and SAM15) and <i>Bacillus cereus</i> (strain SAM9) through 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. These strains demonstrated the dissolution of insoluble tricalcium phosphate, mica, zinc oxide, and manganese oxide, and promoted nutrient availability in the soil by producing organic acids. Inoculation enhanced wheat growth and grain development by promoting nutrient acquisition and stimulating rhizospheric microbial activity. Both sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and nutrient availability in the wheat rhizosphere through organic matter decomposition. Among treatments, sole inoculation with <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> SAM9 and co-inoculation with <i>B. cereus</i> SAM9 + <i>B. altitudinis</i> SAM13 demonstrated the most dominant increase in wheat growth and grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, deposition of microbial biomass, and soil enzymatic activities.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The sole inoculation with <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> SAM9 and co-inoculation with <i>B. cereus</i> SAM9 + <i>B. altitudinis</i> SAM13 showed strong potential as bioinoculants for calcareous soils. 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Bacillus altitudinis and Bacillus cereus strains improve soil fertility, nutrient acquisition, biomass production, and yield of wheat grown on calcareous soil
Background
Mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria are considered ecological friendly rhizonutrifying agents capable of promoting rhizospheric enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient availability even under nutrient-deficient alkaline soil conditions. However, comprehensive studies on their effectiveness in calcareous soil are lacking. The current study hypothesized that beneficial rhizobacteria improve soil biochemical properties in calcareous soil through their impact on enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and nutrient availability in the rhizosphere.
Methods
Rhizobacterial strains were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and characterized in vitro for their mineral solubilization potential, production of beneficial metabolites, and various enzymatic activities. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sole and co-inoculation treatments on wheat growth, grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, soil enzymatic activities, and microbial biomass accumulation in wheat rhizosphere under calcareous soil conditions.
Results
The most effective mineral-dissolving rhizobacteria were identified as Bacillus altitudinis (strains SAM1, SAM7, SAM13, and SAM15) and Bacillus cereus (strain SAM9) through 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. These strains demonstrated the dissolution of insoluble tricalcium phosphate, mica, zinc oxide, and manganese oxide, and promoted nutrient availability in the soil by producing organic acids. Inoculation enhanced wheat growth and grain development by promoting nutrient acquisition and stimulating rhizospheric microbial activity. Both sole and co-inoculation with rhizobacterial strains significantly increased soil enzymatic activities, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and nutrient availability in the wheat rhizosphere through organic matter decomposition. Among treatments, sole inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 demonstrated the most dominant increase in wheat growth and grain attributes, nutrient availability in soil and absorption in plants, deposition of microbial biomass, and soil enzymatic activities.
Conclusions
The sole inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 and co-inoculation with B. cereus SAM9 + B. altitudinis SAM13 showed strong potential as bioinoculants for calcareous soils. These strains could be effectively integrated into commercial biofertilizer formulation as sustainable alternatives or supplements to chemical fertilizers, enhancing soil productivity and crop performance.
期刊介绍：
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed forum for the advancement and application to all fields of agriculture of modern chemical, biochemical and molecular technologies. The scope of this journal includes chemical and biochemical processes aimed to increase sustainable agricultural and food production, the evaluation of quality and origin of raw primary products and their transformation into foods and chemicals, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. Of special interest are the effects of chemical and biochemical technologies, also at the nano and supramolecular scale, on the relationships between soil, plants, microorganisms and their environment, with the help of modern bioinformatics. Another special focus is the use of modern bioorganic and biological chemistry to develop new technologies for plant nutrition and bio-stimulation, advancement of biorefineries from biomasses, safe and traceable food products, carbon storage in soil and plants and restoration of contaminated soils to agriculture.
This journal presents the first opportunity to bring together researchers from a wide number of disciplines within the agricultural chemical and biological sciences, from both industry and academia. The principle aim of Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is to allow the exchange of the most advanced chemical and biochemical knowledge to develop technologies which address one of the most pressing challenges of our times - sustaining a growing world population.
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture publishes original research articles, short letters and invited reviews. Articles from scientists in industry, academia as well as private research institutes, non-governmental and environmental organizations are encouraged.
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