Inverse Design Approach by Deep Learning for Thermally Modulated Graphene Supported Multi-Functional Bio-Sensor

An electrically and thermally tunable absorber is designed using graphene and vanadium dioxide (VO₂). A monolayer graphene sheet positioned on top acts as a multinarrowband resonator, with its voltage tunability capability allowing for controlled responses. Increasing the chemical potential of graphene results in wideband responses achieved at lower frequencies. A VO₂ layer is placed between the graphene and the back layer. At lower temperatures, VO₂ operates as a dielectric spacer, enabling multiband resonance. Below 300 K, the device functions as an ultranarrow multiband absorber, demonstrating remarkable sensitivity (S) of 60 GHz/RIU, 60 GHz/RIU, and 210 GHz/RIU with quality factor (Q) 84, 38, and 68, respectively. Its biosensing capabilities are explored, particularly its proficiency in detecting malaria and glucose with high sensing performance. This innovative configuration substitutes conventional dielectric spacers and introduces thermal tunability. As the temperature increases, the conductivity of VO₂ rises, transforming the device into a reflector.