Role of urban landscape in regulating e-rickshaw services: A case study of Krishnanagar Municipality, India

This study analyzes the development of e-rickshaw services in Krishnanagar Municipality, India, highlighting how the urban landscape shapes these services. The research employed a triangulation method to collect data, primarily analyzed using statistical techniques and Geographic Information System (GIS). The findings indicate that higher densities of Public Utility Centres (PUCs), high built-up areas, and better road accessibility correlate with increased e-rickshaw services. Contrary to existing literature that suggests paratransit options primarily serve the outskirts of cities; this study finds that e-rickshaws predominantly operate in the central areas of Krishnanagar. Interestingly, fares for longer trips to the outskirts are relatively low. However, e-rickshaw services are mainly restricted to major thoroughfares. The central part of the city predominantly relies on pre-negotiated fares between operators and users, which leads to an uneven distribution of e-rickshaw stands across the municipality. This uneven location of stands results in inequitable service provision. Additionally, e-rickshaws have not successfully served as a mode of first-and-last-mile connectivity, as door-to-door service is only available for reserved trips. This study emphasizes the importance of planning e-rickshaw services within the urban landscape to improve residents’ mobility equity. The insights gained can benefit planners and policymakers by enhancing urban public transport, ultimately contributing to sustainable urban development.