Taha Yaseen Wais , Berivan F. Namq , Laith Ahmed Najam , Milena P. Živković , Mohamed A. Najemalden , Rehab Taher Ahmed , M.I. Sayyed , Amjed abbawe salih , Howaida Mansour
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Uranium concentrations were generally low, but two food items, an Iraqi powdered milk (48.4 Bq kg<sup>−1</sup>) and Turkish chickpeas (72.5 Bq kg<sup>−1</sup>), exceeded the IAEA reference value of 30 Bq kg<sup>−1</sup>. Thorium levels were consistently low (<16.6 Bq kg⁻¹). Based on estimated consumption rates, the annual effective dose (AED) from all analyzed foods remained below the public dose limit of 1 mSv y<sup>−1</sup>. To enhance risk prediction, a Random Forest regression model was applied, achieving high accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.998), and confirming that <sup>40</sup>K and <sup>238</sup>U are the main contributors to AED. These findings indicate that while the overall radiological risk from food ingestion in Kirkuk is low, isolated outliers above uranium guidelines warrant follow-up monitoring. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
本研究通过使用NaI(Tl)伽马射线能谱法测量天然放射性核素(238U、232Th和40K)的活性浓度,对伊拉克基尔库克省常见的食品进行了放射性评估。共分析了55种食品样品,包括奶粉、酸奶、番茄酱、面粉、果汁、蔬菜、油和肉类。结果表明,40K是最丰富的放射性核素(29.8-434.0 Bq kg−1),反映了其在生物组织中的天然存在。铀浓度普遍较低,但伊拉克奶粉(48.4 Bq kg - 1)和土耳其鹰嘴豆(72.5 Bq kg - 1)这两种食品超过了原子能机构参考值30 Bq kg - 1。钍含量一直很低(<16.6 Bq kg⁻¹)。根据估计的消耗率,所有分析食品的年有效剂量(AED)仍低于1 毫西弗 y−1的公共剂量限值。为了加强风险预测,采用随机森林回归模型,准确率较高(R2 = 0.998),确认40K和238U是AED的主要贡献因子。这些发现表明,虽然基尔库克食物摄入的总体辐射风险很低,但高于铀准则的孤立异常值值得进行后续监测。辐射分析和机器学习的结合使用为在国家和国际两级改进食品安全监测和支持公共卫生保护提供了一个框架。
Assessment of natural radioactivity and dietary exposure to 238U, 232Th, and 40K in commonly consumed foods from Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq
This study provides a radiological assessment of food products commonly consumed in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq, by measuring the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th, and 40K) using NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectroscopy. A total of 55 food samples, including powdered milk, yogurt, tomato paste, flour, juices, vegetables, oils, and meats, were analyzed. The results showed that 40K was the most abundant radionuclide (29.8–434.0 Bq kg−1), reflecting its natural presence in biological tissues. Uranium concentrations were generally low, but two food items, an Iraqi powdered milk (48.4 Bq kg−1) and Turkish chickpeas (72.5 Bq kg−1), exceeded the IAEA reference value of 30 Bq kg−1. Thorium levels were consistently low (<16.6 Bq kg⁻¹). Based on estimated consumption rates, the annual effective dose (AED) from all analyzed foods remained below the public dose limit of 1 mSv y−1. To enhance risk prediction, a Random Forest regression model was applied, achieving high accuracy (R2 = 0.998), and confirming that 40K and 238U are the main contributors to AED. These findings indicate that while the overall radiological risk from food ingestion in Kirkuk is low, isolated outliers above uranium guidelines warrant follow-up monitoring. The combined use of radiometric analysis and machine learning provides a framework for improving food safety surveillance and supporting public health protection at both national and international levels.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Food Composition and Analysis publishes manuscripts on scientific aspects of data on the chemical composition of human foods, with particular emphasis on actual data on composition of foods; analytical methods; studies on the manipulation, storage, distribution and use of food composition data; and studies on the statistics, use and distribution of such data and data systems. The Journal''s basis is nutrient composition, with increasing emphasis on bioactive non-nutrient and anti-nutrient components. Papers must provide sufficient description of the food samples, analytical methods, quality control procedures and statistical treatments of the data to permit the end users of the food composition data to evaluate the appropriateness of such data in their projects.
The Journal does not publish papers on: microbiological compounds; sensory quality; aromatics/volatiles in food and wine; essential oils; organoleptic characteristics of food; physical properties; or clinical papers and pharmacology-related papers.