Emerging trends in the application of pulsed magnetic fields for modulating plant growth and development: mechanisms, dynamics, and potential impact

The increasing global food demand necessitates innovative and sustainable methods to enhance plant growth and productivity without relying excessively on chemical inputs. Pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) have emerged as a non-chemical alternative with the potential to modulate key physiological and biochemical processes in plants. However, the precise mechanisms through which PMFs influence plant growth and development, as well as their varying effects under standard and stress conditions, remain areas of active investigation. This review aims to consolidate recent findings on the application of PMFs in modulating plant growth and development, with a particular focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms, the dynamic interactions, and the potential agricultural applications. Emphasis is placed on the bio-electromagnetic interactions underlying PMF-induced changes in plant metabolism, stress resilience, and crop productivity. By understanding these interactions, researchers can optimize PMF parameters for targeted agricultural applications, balancing benefits and potential drawbacks. While challenges persist in terms of scalability and result variability, advancement in bio-electromagnetic research offers promising opportunities for integrating PMFs into sustainable agricultural practices. Ultimately, PMFs represent a frontier technology with significant implications for improving crop resilience, resource efficiency, and food security in an environmentally responsible manner.