Pushing Biomolecule Detection Limit With Graphene Field-effect Transistor Biosensors

Ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers at trace levels is essential for early disease diagnoses, preventing further complications and treatment burdens. Advances in material science, micro/nano engineering, and biology have enabled a new generation of point-of-care biosensor devices that rival lab-based diagnostics while remaining portable for wearable or even implantable applications. Graphene, a 2D semiconductor, has gained significant attention as a sensing material due to its large surface area and exceptional electronic properties. These features support the binding of bio-recognition elements and enable signal transduction at the single-molecule level. Among various sensing platforms, graphene-based field-effect transistors (GFETs) stand out for their label-free, real-time detection and simple readout, making them ideal for wearable diagnostics. GFET biosensors hold transformative potential for personalized healthcare by detecting a broad range of biomarkers at ultra-low detection limits. This paper presents a concise overview of recent advancements in ultrasensitive GFET-based biomolecule sensing, with a focus on key factors governing the sensitivity, strategies for producing high-mobility graphene, device engineering, and emerging methods to push the limit of detection and specificity. Finally, emerging trends and future directions for GFETs in wearable diagnostic technologies is highlighted.