L H R Silva, A L Silva, M I Marcondes, C S Bittencourt, J V C Rodrigues, W P F Amorim, E P Lima Netto, T E Silva, J H C Costa, P P Rotta
{"title":"乳制品生产系统的比较分析:巴西牛奶生产等级及其对小牛和小母牛生产成本的影响。","authors":"L H R Silva, A L Silva, M I Marcondes, C S Bittencourt, J V C Rodrigues, W P F Amorim, E P Lima Netto, T E Silva, J H C Costa, P P Rotta","doi":"10.3168/jds.2025-26579","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to estimate the costs associated with raising dairy calves and heifers in Brazil during 2021. Additionally, it sought to determine the average number of lactations that heifers should remain in the herd to cover their production costs, analyzing data from 311 dairy farms in Minas Gerais. These farms were categorized into 3 milk productive tiers based on daily milk production per cow: lower production tier (LOW) 12.0 L/cow per day (7.4-14.5 L/cow per day); intermediate production tier (INT) 18.0 L/cow per day (14.6-22.5 L/cow per day), and upper production tier (UPP) 26.7 L/cow per day (22.6-32.0 L/cow per day). Mean comparisons were performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The main cost factors were feed, labor, and machinery, which together accounted for 83.0%, 85.0%, and 83.0% of the total costs for LOW, INT, and UPP tiers, respectively. The cost of raising a heifer from birth to calving tended to be lower for INT tier ($1,821.40 ± $44.35) and higher for LOW tier ($2,006.40 ± $62.52), whereas UPP tier had a cost of $1,884.60 ± $62.52, which was similar to both LOW and INT tiers. To cover their production costs, the average number of lactations that cows should remain in the herd was 3.98 (1.33-9.33) lactations for the LOW tier, 2.64 (1.33-6.33) lactations for the INT tier, and 1.64 (0.66-3.66) lactations for the UPP tier. Dairy farms with lower production have higher costs for rearing calves and heifers due to prolonged development and delayed age at first calving, largely due to less efficient growth, feeding and reproduction methods. Feed was the main cost, followed by labor and machinery. Improving genetics and management or purchasing better genetic animals can reduce costs and increase productivity, especially on farms with limited resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Dairy Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A comparative analysis of dairy production systems: Milk production tiers and their impact on dairy calf and heifer cost of production in Brazil.\",\"authors\":\"L H R Silva, A L Silva, M I Marcondes, C S Bittencourt, J V C Rodrigues, W P F Amorim, E P Lima Netto, T E Silva, J H C Costa, P P Rotta\",\"doi\":\"10.3168/jds.2025-26579\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>The objective of this study was to estimate the costs associated with raising dairy calves and heifers in Brazil during 2021. Additionally, it sought to determine the average number of lactations that heifers should remain in the herd to cover their production costs, analyzing data from 311 dairy farms in Minas Gerais. These farms were categorized into 3 milk productive tiers based on daily milk production per cow: lower production tier (LOW) 12.0 L/cow per day (7.4-14.5 L/cow per day); intermediate production tier (INT) 18.0 L/cow per day (14.6-22.5 L/cow per day), and upper production tier (UPP) 26.7 L/cow per day (22.6-32.0 L/cow per day). Mean comparisons were performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The main cost factors were feed, labor, and machinery, which together accounted for 83.0%, 85.0%, and 83.0% of the total costs for LOW, INT, and UPP tiers, respectively. The cost of raising a heifer from birth to calving tended to be lower for INT tier ($1,821.40 ± $44.35) and higher for LOW tier ($2,006.40 ± $62.52), whereas UPP tier had a cost of $1,884.60 ± $62.52, which was similar to both LOW and INT tiers. To cover their production costs, the average number of lactations that cows should remain in the herd was 3.98 (1.33-9.33) lactations for the LOW tier, 2.64 (1.33-6.33) lactations for the INT tier, and 1.64 (0.66-3.66) lactations for the UPP tier. Dairy farms with lower production have higher costs for rearing calves and heifers due to prolonged development and delayed age at first calving, largely due to less efficient growth, feeding and reproduction methods. Feed was the main cost, followed by labor and machinery. 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A comparative analysis of dairy production systems: Milk production tiers and their impact on dairy calf and heifer cost of production in Brazil.
The objective of this study was to estimate the costs associated with raising dairy calves and heifers in Brazil during 2021. Additionally, it sought to determine the average number of lactations that heifers should remain in the herd to cover their production costs, analyzing data from 311 dairy farms in Minas Gerais. These farms were categorized into 3 milk productive tiers based on daily milk production per cow: lower production tier (LOW) 12.0 L/cow per day (7.4-14.5 L/cow per day); intermediate production tier (INT) 18.0 L/cow per day (14.6-22.5 L/cow per day), and upper production tier (UPP) 26.7 L/cow per day (22.6-32.0 L/cow per day). Mean comparisons were performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The main cost factors were feed, labor, and machinery, which together accounted for 83.0%, 85.0%, and 83.0% of the total costs for LOW, INT, and UPP tiers, respectively. The cost of raising a heifer from birth to calving tended to be lower for INT tier ($1,821.40 ± $44.35) and higher for LOW tier ($2,006.40 ± $62.52), whereas UPP tier had a cost of $1,884.60 ± $62.52, which was similar to both LOW and INT tiers. To cover their production costs, the average number of lactations that cows should remain in the herd was 3.98 (1.33-9.33) lactations for the LOW tier, 2.64 (1.33-6.33) lactations for the INT tier, and 1.64 (0.66-3.66) lactations for the UPP tier. Dairy farms with lower production have higher costs for rearing calves and heifers due to prolonged development and delayed age at first calving, largely due to less efficient growth, feeding and reproduction methods. Feed was the main cost, followed by labor and machinery. Improving genetics and management or purchasing better genetic animals can reduce costs and increase productivity, especially on farms with limited resources.
期刊介绍:
The official journal of the American Dairy Science Association®, Journal of Dairy Science® (JDS) is the leading peer-reviewed general dairy research journal in the world. JDS readers represent education, industry, and government agencies in more than 70 countries with interests in biochemistry, breeding, economics, engineering, environment, food science, genetics, microbiology, nutrition, pathology, physiology, processing, public health, quality assurance, and sanitation.