Describing the decision-making process of Ontario dairy farmers when managing down dairy cattle: A qualitative focus group study.

The objective of this study was to investigate Ontario dairy farmers' attitudes and perceptions toward down dairy cows, and the barriers and motivators influencing the use of best management practices. Four focus groups were conducted in southwestern Ontario in 2024, with a total of 21 dairy producers participating. Producers were asked about current practices, thoughts on best management practices, challenges to adopting best practices, and facilities and equipment for down cow care. The focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Five themes were identified from the data: adaptive and flexible management strategies; farm resources and facilities; veterinary relationships and communication; producer experience and emotional impact; and animal-centered decision-making. Producers emphasized a balance between proactive, long-term strategies, such as prevention, record-keeping, and research-driven improvements, and the need for flexible, real-time decision-making to address the unpredictable nature of down cows. Facility design, labor availability, financial constraints, and veterinary collaboration played important roles in the care they provided to down cows. Further, producers highlighted the emotional burden of making euthanasia decisions and discussed the balance of animal welfare and economic sustainability. Producers also expressed a need for more research, better diagnostic tools, and practical on-farm solutions to improve down cow management. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated efforts that integrate practical tools, infrastructure improvements, producer education, and veterinary support systems. The interplay of these factors underscores the need for a holistic approach to support producers in navigating the multifaceted challenges they face in their daily work. This study contributes to understanding the multidimensional factors influencing dairy producers' management practices in caring for down dairy cows.