NRGAMTE: Neurophysiological Residual Gated Attention Multimodal Transformer Encoder for Sleep Disorder Detection.

Background/objective: Sleep is significant for human mental and physical health. Sleep disorders represent a crucial risk to human health, and a large portion of the world population suffers from them. The efficient identification of sleep disorders is significant for effective treatment. However, the precise and automatic detection of sleep disorders remains challenging due to the inter-subject variability, overlapping symptoms, and reliance on single-modality physiological signals.

Methods: To address these challenges, a Neurophysiological Residual Gated Attention Multimodal Transformer Encoder (NRGAMTE) model was developed for robust sleep disorder detection using multimodal physiological signals, including Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyogram (EMG), and Electrooculogram (EOG). Initially, raw signals are segmented into 30-s windows and processed to capture the significant time- and frequency-domain features. Every modality is independently embedded by a One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN), which preserves signal-specific characteristics. A Modality-wise Residual Gated Cross-Attention Fusion (MRGCAF) mechanism is introduced to select significant cross-modal interactions, while the learnable residual path ensures that the most relevant features are retained during the gating process.

Results: The developed NRGAMTE model achieved an accuracy of 94.51% on the Sleep-EDF expanded dataset and 99.64% on the Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP Sleep database), significantly outperforming the existing single- and multimodal algorithms in terms of robustness and computational efficiency.

Conclusions: The results shows that NRGAMTE obtains high performance across multiple datasets, significantly improving detection accuracy. This demonstrated their potential as a reliable tool for clinical sleep disorder detection.