Infrared imaging visualization: organic material-based up-conversion devices

Up-conversion imaging, an emerging optoelectronic technology that integrates detection and display capabilities, provides an efficient approach for converting infrared signals into visible images. Unlike conventional infrared imaging systems, it operates without complex pixel arrays and readout circuits, making it especially attractive for biomedicine and wearable applications. Recently, the intrinsic advantages of organic semiconductors, such as material diversity and flexible structural design, have driven significant advancements in up-conversion devices. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent breakthroughs in organic material-based up-conversion devices, with emphasis on internal gain mechanisms such as phototransistors, photomultiplication, and multi-emissive-layer architectures. We examine the working principles, key performance metrics, rational material selection coupled with device architecture engineering of up-conversion devices, and the mechanisms that limit their performance. Key advances in biomedical imaging and wearable electronics are highlighted, and future opportunities are discussed from both technological and economic perspectives. Overall, this review provides a framework to guide the design of high-performance, application-ready up-conversion devices.