Research progress on tea pigments: Isolation and purification, stability modulation, bioactivities, and comprehensive applications

Background

Tea pigments are plant-derived colorants formed through the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of catechins and exhibit a wide range of biological activities. The major pigment classes include theaflavins (TFs), thearubigins (TRs), and theabrownins (TBs). In addition to these, tea leaves also contain other pigments, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins, which collectively contribute to the distinctive color and sensory qualities of tea. In recent years, research on tea pigments has grown substantially. However, most studies have focused on individual pigment types and their bioactivities, with limited systematic comparisons across the different classes.

Scope and approach

This review summarizes the structures, formation pathways, separation techniques, and strategies aimed at improving the stability and bioavailability of tea pigments, and further discusses recent advances in their bioactivities and industrial applications.

Key findings and conclusions

Future research should focus on the development of efficient separation techniques and cost-effective, targeted delivery systems to enhance the purity, stability, and bioavailability of tea pigments. The actual physiological effects and mechanisms of tea pigments in the human body urgently need to be elucidated, which will provide a solid theoretical foundation for future research.