Advances in flavonoid glycosylation: Chemical and biological basis, mechanisms, physicochemical properties, and applications in the food industry

Background

Glycosylated flavonoids (GCs) have emerged as a prominent research focus owing to their diverse bioactivities and promising health benefits. Recent advancements have significantly expanded our understanding of their chemical structures, biological functions, and glycosylation mechanisms. In particular, refined glycosylation strategies and the interplay between their physicochemical properties and functional roles have enabled precise structural modifications that enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of flavonoids, thereby amplifying the functional potential. However, the current research remains fragmented, particularly in the comprehensive assessment of their health-promoting properties and applications, which hinders their broader industrial adoption.

Scope and approach

This review systematically integrates recent progress in the chemical and biological principles of GCs, outlines glycosylation strategies, and elucidates their bioactive mechanisms. Special emphasis is also placed on their practical applications in the food and cosmetic industries.

Key findings and conclusions

Research demonstrates that flavonoids can be glycosylated via chemical synthesis, enzymatic catalysis, and microbial transformation. Compared to non-GCs, their glycosylated counterparts exhibit superior physicochemical properties and functional performance, making them ideal candidates for use as natural antioxidants, functional food ingredients, and bioactive additives. Building on these advances, this review comprehensively analyzes the chemical mechanisms, biological effects, and practical applications of GCs, emphasizing their roles in enhancing stability, bioavailability, and health benefits. Furthermore, it critically discusses current limitations in scalable production and structural design, underscoring the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate chemistry, biotechnology, and food science. In conclusion, this review highlights the innovative applications of GCs in agriculture, medicine, and beyond. By outlining key challenges and emerging opportunities, it provides a forward-looking framework to guide future research and facilitate the translation of GCs into sustainable industrial and therapeutic solutions.