A blockchain-enabled framework for secure synchronization and resilient energy distribution in networked microgrids against false data attacks

To enhance grid flexibility, resilience, and distributed energy coordination, Networked Microgrids (NMGs) have emerged as a scalable alternative to traditional centralized systems. However, their reliance on real-time synchronization of voltage magnitude, frequency, and phase angle across Points of Common Coupling (PCCs) exposes them to significant cybersecurity risks particularly False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs). This paper proposes a blockchain-integrated detection framework designed to address synchronization-targeted FDIAs using synchronized µPMU measurements from both ends of each PCC. These measurements are securely logged on a blockchain, where a smart contract evaluates three differential change metrics: Differential Change in Voltage Magnitude (DCVM), Differential Change in Phase Angle (DCPA), and Differential Change in Frequency (DCF). An OR-based detection logic flags any block as compromised if thresholds are exceeded, ensuring real-time identification of FDIA events. The framework is validated through comprehensive MATLAB Simulink simulations that consider both cyber-attacks and NMG operational disturbances, along with smart contract implementation in Ethereum Remix IDE. The obtained results demonstrate strong differentiation between cyber-attacks and typical operational events. Statistical analysis and ROC curve evaluation yield an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.96, confirming the framework’s robustness, low false-positive rate, and practical feasibility for securing synchronization in NMG environments.