The influence of dietary structures composed of different fat globule interfaces on lipid metabolism in mice with a high-fat diet

The composition of the fat globule interface significantly affects the lipid metabolism in infants. To investigate the effects of dietary structures with different fat globule interface compositions on lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), mice were fed a diet supplemented with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), milk polar lipid (MPL), and milk protein concentrate (MPC) from 21 to 42 days after birth, and a high-fat diet from 42 to 63 days after birth. The results showed that the three intervention groups improved the effects of HFD on the body weight and organ indices of mice to varying degrees, among which the MFGM intervention group had the best effect. MFGM was more effective than the other two groups in reducing the FFA content in the serum (P < 0.05), while the MPC group had no effect. MFGM and MPL ameliorated the disruption of adipose tissue morphology induced by a HFD, reduced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice by modulating key lipid metabolism genes (including Fas, Srebp-1c, Scd1, Pparα, Cpt-1α, and Mcad), and enhanced thermogenesis in brown adipocytes via upregulation of BAT-related genes (UCP1, Pgc-1α, Prdm16, and Pparγ) along with UCP1 protein expression. Additionally, they induced a brown adipocyte-like phenotype in white adipocytes by regulating WAT-associated genes (Fas, Srebp-1c, Pparα, and Cpt-1α) and elevating the expression of beige fat markers (Tmem26, Tbx1, and CD137). The overall intervention effect was MFGM ≈ MPL > MPC. In summary, early supplementation with MFGM and MPL can effectively improve metabolic disorders induced by high fat, with MFGM having the most significant effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of new fat-based infant formula.