Paeoniflorin attenuates hyperprolactinemia by targeting the pituitary mPRα-mediated, dopamine receptor-independent signaling in vivo and in vitro

Although dopamine receptor agonists are the primary therapies for prolactinoma and hyperprolactinemia, a population of patients are resistant or intolerant. Our previous findings have suggested that paeoniflorin, a major active ingredient contained in some frequently-used traditional Chinese formulas for hyperprolactinemia-related disorders, inhibits prolactin secretion via both dopamine receptor-dependent and independent pathways. Here, it was found that paeoniflorin ameliorated the antipsychotic olanzapine-induced hyperprolactinemia in rats and suppressed prolactin protein expression in GH3 rat pituitary tumor cells lacking dopamine receptor. Further, paeoniflorin suppressed olanzapine-induced overexpression of prolactin and estrogen receptor (ER) α proteins, but it reversed the downregulated protein expression of membrane progesterone receptor (mPR) α both in the pituitary of the rats and in GH3 cells. Network pharmacology analysis predicted that mPRα served as a core therapeutic target of paeoniflorin in hyperprolactinemia, with the transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling pathway potentially mediating this pharmacological interaction. Molecular docking predicted that paeoniflorin interacted with mPRα. Silencing mPRα abolished paeoniflorin-mediated suppression of prolactin expression, confirming its essential role in mediating the effects of paeoniflorin. In addition, paeoniflorin upregulated TGFβ1 and downregulated ERα in an mPRα-dependent manner. Notably, ERα overexpression reversed inhibition of paeoniflorin on prolactin, while TGFβ1 inhibition attenuated the effect of paeoniflorin on ERα, highlighting the critical contributions of TGFβ1 and ERα to this regulatory pathway. Thus, our results in vivo and in vitro suggest that paeoniflorin attenuates hyperprolactinemia by targeting the pituitary mPRα-mediated, dopamine receptor-independent signaling, in which, TGFβ1 and ERα participate.