Serotonin Syndrome Masquerading as Alcohol Withdrawal: A Case Report.

Introduction: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) and serotonin syndrome (SS) share several overlapping symptoms, complicating diagnosis in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) on serotonergic treatment.

Case presentation: We describe a 54-year-old male with a history of AUD and anxiety disorder who presented to a residential treatment center after patient report about 11 days of alcohol abstinence. Despite an initially mild withdrawal course, he developed worsening tremors, nausea, diarrhea, diaphoresis, muscle twitching, rigidity, and restlessness beyond the typical AWS timeframe. His medication regimen included multiple serotonergic agents. Neurological examination revealed hyperreflexia, clonus, and persistent hypertension, fulfilling the Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria for SS. All serotonergic medications were discontinued and supportive care was initiated, leading to rapid symptom improvement and resolution.

Conclusions: Thorough evaluation of medication history and symptom timeline during clinical assessment is critical for differentiating AWS and SS. Clinicians are encouraged to remain vigilant for SS in patients with AUD on serotonergic agents to prevent adverse outcomes and potential mortality.