Siman Li , Mengni Du , Xin Yi , Hongsheng Yang , Liping Yang , Hongtao Shao , Anise M.S. Wu , Phoenix K.H. Mo , Dong-wu Xu , Pinpin Zheng , Deborah Baofeng Wang , Joseph T.F. Lau , Yanqiu Yu
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Comprehensive psychometric properties were then examined in a validation sample of 1,000 middle school students in Taizhou, Rui’an, and Yiwu, China, with an anonymous, structured survey (March/April 2024).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The TPS-PBHIG included 21 items, demonstrating satisfactory content validity regarding clarity, relevance, and importance. In the validation sample, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a 4-factor model (perceived immediate personal and social benefits, perceived future personal and social benefits, perceived personal harms, and perceived social harms). The scale/subscales of TPS-PBHIG in general showed satisfactory psychometric properties, including the absence of ceiling/floor effects, internal consistency, convergent validity, and divergent validity. Perceived immediate/future benefits were positively correlated with both IGD and gaming time, while perceived personal/social harms were significantly correlated with IGD, but not gaming time.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion and conclusions</h3><div>The TPS-PBHIG developed in this study provides a reliable and valid tool to assess perceived benefits and harms of internet gaming in both present-oriented and future-oriented time perspectives among Chinese adolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7155,"journal":{"name":"Addictive behaviors","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 108449"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Development and validation of the time perspective scale of perceived benefits and harms of internet gaming among adolescents in China\",\"authors\":\"Siman Li , Mengni Du , Xin Yi , Hongsheng Yang , Liping Yang , Hongtao Shao , Anise M.S. Wu , Phoenix K.H. Mo , Dong-wu Xu , Pinpin Zheng , Deborah Baofeng Wang , Joseph T.F. Lau , Yanqiu Yu\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108449\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Gaming-specific maladaptive cognitions were critical determinants of internet gaming disorder (IGD). This study was novel to develop and validate the Time Perspective Scale of Perceived Benefits and Harms of Internet Gaming (TPS-PBHIG) by integrating the concepts of present- and future-oriented time perspectives, perceived benefits, and perceived harms of internet gaming.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Item generation was conducted by using both inductive (focus group interviews among adolescents) and deductive (comprehensive literature review) approaches. Content validity was examined by both item-level and scale-level indicators. Comprehensive psychometric properties were then examined in a validation sample of 1,000 middle school students in Taizhou, Rui’an, and Yiwu, China, with an anonymous, structured survey (March/April 2024).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The TPS-PBHIG included 21 items, demonstrating satisfactory content validity regarding clarity, relevance, and importance. In the validation sample, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a 4-factor model (perceived immediate personal and social benefits, perceived future personal and social benefits, perceived personal harms, and perceived social harms). The scale/subscales of TPS-PBHIG in general showed satisfactory psychometric properties, including the absence of ceiling/floor effects, internal consistency, convergent validity, and divergent validity. 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Development and validation of the time perspective scale of perceived benefits and harms of internet gaming among adolescents in China
Background and aims
Gaming-specific maladaptive cognitions were critical determinants of internet gaming disorder (IGD). This study was novel to develop and validate the Time Perspective Scale of Perceived Benefits and Harms of Internet Gaming (TPS-PBHIG) by integrating the concepts of present- and future-oriented time perspectives, perceived benefits, and perceived harms of internet gaming.
Methods
Item generation was conducted by using both inductive (focus group interviews among adolescents) and deductive (comprehensive literature review) approaches. Content validity was examined by both item-level and scale-level indicators. Comprehensive psychometric properties were then examined in a validation sample of 1,000 middle school students in Taizhou, Rui’an, and Yiwu, China, with an anonymous, structured survey (March/April 2024).
Results
The TPS-PBHIG included 21 items, demonstrating satisfactory content validity regarding clarity, relevance, and importance. In the validation sample, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a 4-factor model (perceived immediate personal and social benefits, perceived future personal and social benefits, perceived personal harms, and perceived social harms). The scale/subscales of TPS-PBHIG in general showed satisfactory psychometric properties, including the absence of ceiling/floor effects, internal consistency, convergent validity, and divergent validity. Perceived immediate/future benefits were positively correlated with both IGD and gaming time, while perceived personal/social harms were significantly correlated with IGD, but not gaming time.
Discussion and conclusions
The TPS-PBHIG developed in this study provides a reliable and valid tool to assess perceived benefits and harms of internet gaming in both present-oriented and future-oriented time perspectives among Chinese adolescents.
期刊介绍:
Addictive Behaviors is an international peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality human research on addictive behaviors and disorders since 1975. The journal accepts submissions of full-length papers and short communications on substance-related addictions such as the abuse of alcohol, drugs and nicotine, and behavioral addictions involving gambling and technology. We primarily publish behavioral and psychosocial research but our articles span the fields of psychology, sociology, psychiatry, epidemiology, social policy, medicine, pharmacology and neuroscience. While theoretical orientations are diverse, the emphasis of the journal is primarily empirical. That is, sound experimental design combined with valid, reliable assessment and evaluation procedures are a requisite for acceptance. However, innovative and empirically oriented case studies that might encourage new lines of inquiry are accepted as well. Studies that clearly contribute to current knowledge of etiology, prevention, social policy or treatment are given priority. Scholarly commentaries on topical issues, systematic reviews, and mini reviews are encouraged. We especially welcome multimedia papers that incorporate video or audio components to better display methodology or findings.
Studies can also be submitted to Addictive Behaviors? companion title, the open access journal Addictive Behaviors Reports, which has a particular interest in ''non-traditional'', innovative and empirically-oriented research such as negative/null data papers, replication studies, case reports on novel treatments, and cross-cultural research.