Carmen Julia Pedroza-Padilla, Sergio Orduz, Luiz Alberto Beraldo Moraes
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However, there is limited information on the chemical structural diversity of antimicrobial compounds produced by <i>Bacillus nakamurai</i> and its own potential use in agriculture as a suppressor agent of phytopathogenic bacteria.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In this study, the bacterium strain CBAS-959, which produces diffusible black pigmentation in the growth medium, was identified as <i>Bacillus nakamurai</i> through biochemical characterization and the analysis of the 16S rRNA and <i>gyr</i>A genes. Co-culture assays confirmed a strong antagonistic effect against <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> and <i>Pectobacterium carotovorum</i>, producing inhibition halos of 23.9 ± 1.8 mm and 23.2 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. The crude extract and pure fractions analyzed by MS/MS mass spectrometry and evaluated by disk diffusion assays demonstrated that <i>B. nakamurai</i> CBAS-959 produces iturin A, bacillibactin, bacillaene, bacillaene B, and dihydrobacillaene, and five isoforms with different surfactin homologs. Extracts obtained from PDB and M1 media showed zones of inhibition of phytopathogenic bacteria between 9.5 ± 0.5 and 23.5 ± 0.5 mm, while fractions of purified compounds between 13.2 ± 0.8 and 21.0 ± 2.6 mm. Bacillibactin showed a MIC of 31.25 µg/mL against <i>R. solanacearum</i> and <i>P. carotovorum</i> but did not inhibit <i>X. citri</i>. PDB-2 L extract was the most active against <i>X. citri</i>, with an MIC of 62.5 µg/mL.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This is the first study that purified and demonstrated that bacillibactin has a direct antibacterial effect against <i>R. solanacearum</i> and <i>P. carotovorum</i>. In addition, this work reports that <i>B. nakamurai</i> CBAS-959 produces bacillaene B, five isoforms of surfactins, inhibits the growth of <i>R. solanacearum</i> on co-culture, and the extracts obtained in PDB and M1 inhibit the growth of <i>X. citri</i>. Therefore, this research provides new information on the metabolic diversity and antimicrobial activity of <i>B. nakamurai</i> CBAS-959 and its potential use for future studies to explore new alternatives for the control of phytopathogens.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":512,"journal":{"name":"Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://chembioagro.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s40538-025-00828-5","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compounds produced by Bacillus nakamurai CBAS-959 and their activity against phytopathogenic bacteria\",\"authors\":\"Carmen Julia Pedroza-Padilla, Sergio Orduz, Luiz Alberto Beraldo Moraes\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s40538-025-00828-5\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The application of beneficial microorganisms is an effective solution for the control of crop diseases caused by phytopathogenic bacteria. <i>Bacillus</i> sp. plays a significant role as a biofactory of antimicrobial compounds, and bioformulations containing species of the <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> complex are commercialized. However, there is limited information on the chemical structural diversity of antimicrobial compounds produced by <i>Bacillus nakamurai</i> and its own potential use in agriculture as a suppressor agent of phytopathogenic bacteria.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In this study, the bacterium strain CBAS-959, which produces diffusible black pigmentation in the growth medium, was identified as <i>Bacillus nakamurai</i> through biochemical characterization and the analysis of the 16S rRNA and <i>gyr</i>A genes. Co-culture assays confirmed a strong antagonistic effect against <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i> and <i>Pectobacterium carotovorum</i>, producing inhibition halos of 23.9 ± 1.8 mm and 23.2 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. The crude extract and pure fractions analyzed by MS/MS mass spectrometry and evaluated by disk diffusion assays demonstrated that <i>B. nakamurai</i> CBAS-959 produces iturin A, bacillibactin, bacillaene, bacillaene B, and dihydrobacillaene, and five isoforms with different surfactin homologs. Extracts obtained from PDB and M1 media showed zones of inhibition of phytopathogenic bacteria between 9.5 ± 0.5 and 23.5 ± 0.5 mm, while fractions of purified compounds between 13.2 ± 0.8 and 21.0 ± 2.6 mm. Bacillibactin showed a MIC of 31.25 µg/mL against <i>R. solanacearum</i> and <i>P. carotovorum</i> but did not inhibit <i>X. citri</i>. PDB-2 L extract was the most active against <i>X. citri</i>, with an MIC of 62.5 µg/mL.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This is the first study that purified and demonstrated that bacillibactin has a direct antibacterial effect against <i>R. solanacearum</i> and <i>P. carotovorum</i>. 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Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compounds produced by Bacillus nakamurai CBAS-959 and their activity against phytopathogenic bacteria
Background
The application of beneficial microorganisms is an effective solution for the control of crop diseases caused by phytopathogenic bacteria. Bacillus sp. plays a significant role as a biofactory of antimicrobial compounds, and bioformulations containing species of the Bacillus subtilis complex are commercialized. However, there is limited information on the chemical structural diversity of antimicrobial compounds produced by Bacillus nakamurai and its own potential use in agriculture as a suppressor agent of phytopathogenic bacteria.
Results
In this study, the bacterium strain CBAS-959, which produces diffusible black pigmentation in the growth medium, was identified as Bacillus nakamurai through biochemical characterization and the analysis of the 16S rRNA and gyrA genes. Co-culture assays confirmed a strong antagonistic effect against Ralstonia solanacearum and Pectobacterium carotovorum, producing inhibition halos of 23.9 ± 1.8 mm and 23.2 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. The crude extract and pure fractions analyzed by MS/MS mass spectrometry and evaluated by disk diffusion assays demonstrated that B. nakamurai CBAS-959 produces iturin A, bacillibactin, bacillaene, bacillaene B, and dihydrobacillaene, and five isoforms with different surfactin homologs. Extracts obtained from PDB and M1 media showed zones of inhibition of phytopathogenic bacteria between 9.5 ± 0.5 and 23.5 ± 0.5 mm, while fractions of purified compounds between 13.2 ± 0.8 and 21.0 ± 2.6 mm. Bacillibactin showed a MIC of 31.25 µg/mL against R. solanacearum and P. carotovorum but did not inhibit X. citri. PDB-2 L extract was the most active against X. citri, with an MIC of 62.5 µg/mL.
Conclusions
This is the first study that purified and demonstrated that bacillibactin has a direct antibacterial effect against R. solanacearum and P. carotovorum. In addition, this work reports that B. nakamurai CBAS-959 produces bacillaene B, five isoforms of surfactins, inhibits the growth of R. solanacearum on co-culture, and the extracts obtained in PDB and M1 inhibit the growth of X. citri. Therefore, this research provides new information on the metabolic diversity and antimicrobial activity of B. nakamurai CBAS-959 and its potential use for future studies to explore new alternatives for the control of phytopathogens.
期刊介绍：
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed forum for the advancement and application to all fields of agriculture of modern chemical, biochemical and molecular technologies. The scope of this journal includes chemical and biochemical processes aimed to increase sustainable agricultural and food production, the evaluation of quality and origin of raw primary products and their transformation into foods and chemicals, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. Of special interest are the effects of chemical and biochemical technologies, also at the nano and supramolecular scale, on the relationships between soil, plants, microorganisms and their environment, with the help of modern bioinformatics. Another special focus is the use of modern bioorganic and biological chemistry to develop new technologies for plant nutrition and bio-stimulation, advancement of biorefineries from biomasses, safe and traceable food products, carbon storage in soil and plants and restoration of contaminated soils to agriculture.
This journal presents the first opportunity to bring together researchers from a wide number of disciplines within the agricultural chemical and biological sciences, from both industry and academia. The principle aim of Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is to allow the exchange of the most advanced chemical and biochemical knowledge to develop technologies which address one of the most pressing challenges of our times - sustaining a growing world population.
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture publishes original research articles, short letters and invited reviews. Articles from scientists in industry, academia as well as private research institutes, non-governmental and environmental organizations are encouraged.
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