Fabrication of three-dimensional printable oleogel-in-water emulsion gels for dysphagia and oral delivery of astaxanthin

Individuals with dysphagia are at heightened risk of aspiration, recent strategies for dysphagia management have largely focused on thickened liquids; however, these liquids have notable limitations, including inadequate nutrient delivery and unappealing appearance. Herein, three-dimensional (3D) printable oleogel-in-water emulsion gels were developed for dysphagia and oral delivery of astaxanthin. Oil-phase gelation was achieved via glycerol monostearate (GML), which reduced the size of oil droplets to 6.53 ± 0.48 μm. The incorporation of GML significantly improved the freeze-thaw stability and texture of the emulsion gels. Additionally, the rheological properties and high 3D printing accuracy of the emulsion gels were adjusted by controlling the content of GML for dysphagia. Moreover, in vitro simulated digestion outcomes demonstrated that the bioaccessibility of astaxanthin was twice as high in the emulsion gels compared to the free astaxanthin. In conclusion, the strategy proposed in this study presents a promising approach for the development of dysphagia diets.