商业建筑暖通空调需求灵活性与模型预测控制:现场演示和文献见解

IF 6.6 2区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Ettore Zanetti, David Blum, Hongxiang Fu, Chris Weyandt, Marco Pritoni, Mary Ann Piette
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引用次数: 0

摘要

用于建筑暖通空调(HVAC)系统的模型预测控制(MPC)开始在市场上获得关注,一些控制公司将其纳入其产品中。然而,鉴于报道的示范数量有限,仍然很难评估能源成本节约是否足以证明在特定建筑中实施MPC的成本是合理的。对于系统相对统一的小型商业和住宅建筑,标准化的方法可以帮助降低实施成本。相比之下,对于大型建筑或区域系统,潜在的成本节约规模可以证明更多定制解决方案的合理性。估计MPC的成本效益对于大中型商业建筑来说变得更具挑战性,因为一刀切的解决方案可能并不合适,而且潜在的能源成本节约可能不足以证明定制解决方案的价值。为了使MPC技术更具吸引力,除了能源效率之外,结合额外的价值流可以显著提高其吸引力。其中一个收入来源是需求灵活性,以响应动态电价,MPC可以利用建筑的热质量来转移负荷并支持电网。基于对MPC现场研究的广泛文献综述,重点关注成本节约和需求灵活性,本文介绍了在加利福尼亚州伯克利的一座大型办公楼暖通空调系统中实施MPC控制的结果。将四种不同的动态电价配置文件集成到MPC目标函数中,以在保持舒适性的同时改变建筑需求,并在四个季节对每种价格配置文件进行了现场测试。结果显示,在测试的动态价格情景下,与现有的基于规则的控制策略相比,该策略有可能减少40 - 65%的需求百分比,每年节省高达61%的成本。本文还对成本节约进行了敏感性分析,讨论了价格响应型MPC的实施努力,并将本研究中发现的成本节约与基于动态价格变化(即所谓的电价相对标准偏差)的文献中发现的成本节约进行了比较。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Commercial building HVAC demand flexibility with model predictive control: Field demonstration and literature insights
Model Predictive Control (MPC) for building Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems is beginning to gain traction in the market, with a few controls companies incorporating it into their product offerings. However, it remains difficult to assess whether the energy cost savings are enough to justify the cost of MPC implementation for a particular building, given the limited number of reported demonstrations. For small commercial and residential buildings with relatively uniform systems, standardized approaches can help lower implementation costs. In contrast, for large buildings or district systems, the potential magnitude of cost savings could justify more customized solutions. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of MPC becomes more challenging for medium and large commercial buildings, where a one-size-fits-all solution may not be suitable, and the potential energy cost savings may be insufficient to justify a customized solution. To make MPC technology more appealing, incorporating additional value streams beyond energy efficiency alone can significantly increase its attractiveness. One such revenue stream is demand flexibility, in response to dynamic electricity prices, where MPC can leverage the thermal mass of the building to shift the load and support the grid. Building on an extensive literature review of MPC field studies focused on cost savings and demand flexibility, this paper presents the results of implementing MPC control in a large office building HVAC system in Berkeley, CA. Four different dynamic electricity price profiles were integrated into the MPC objective function to shift building demand while maintaining comfort, and field testing was performed with each price profile across four seasons. The results show potential for 40–65 % demand decrease percentage and up to 61 % annual cost savings compared to the existing rule-based control strategy, under the tested dynamic price scenarios. This paper also presents a sensitivity analysis on the cost savings with respect to the price profile variability, discusses the implementation effort for the price-responsive MPC, and compares the cost savings found in this study to those found in literature on the basis of dynamic price variability, or so-called Electricity Price Relative Standard Deviation.
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来源期刊
Energy and Buildings
Energy and Buildings 工程技术-工程:土木
CiteScore
12.70
自引率
11.90%
发文量
863
审稿时长
38 days
期刊介绍: An international journal devoted to investigations of energy use and efficiency in buildings Energy and Buildings is an international journal publishing articles with explicit links to energy use in buildings. The aim is to present new research results, and new proven practice aimed at reducing the energy needs of a building and improving indoor environment quality.
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