Precision-engineered lignin-based food packaging materials

Lignin, the most abundant aromatic biopolymer in nature, has emerged as a compelling candidate for the development of next-generation sustainable food packaging materials. Its intrinsic multifunctionality, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and UV-absorbing properties, endows lignin with considerable potential for integration into advanced packaging systems. However, the translation of lignin from biomass to functional packaging materials remains hindered by key challenges, such as its intrinsic brittleness, moisture sensitivity, and difficulties in processing into flexible, durable films. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structure–property relationships that govern the performance of lignin-based packaging materials. The relationship between lignin structure and material properties is critically examined and explores strategies to harness the functionality of lignin in various packaging formats, including films, coatings, hydrogels, and paper-based composites. Particular attention is given to recent advances in the rational design of lignin-based systems for active and intelligent packaging applications. While significant progress has been made, further research is needed to overcome existing limitations and enable scalable, commercial deployment. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the role of lignin in shaping the future of sustainable packaging, aiming to inspire continued innovation in biomass-derived materials and provide a strategic framework for their development and implementation.